tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-52209667339377959192024-03-09T20:47:52.974-06:00Earth Education International BlogAn experiential learning organization in Costa Rica that offers short courses and a semester program in ‘Sustainable Global Stewardship’. Emphasis is on field study, volunteer service-learning work, and cultural immersion. Academic credit is available.Earth Education Internationalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03928864621732851260noreply@blogger.comBlogger134125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-41710902605981553772023-07-14T11:10:00.005-06:002023-07-14T11:18:04.296-06:00Second Summer Session 2023: Systems Change for Health & Sustainabiity<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtjoABMvfV18vUSFKES8XqJuPg50bvtP5k8unTUUmx0hC8qyg5m51B_CFFUbezXytnj2W1a8SSjbvTlAq2Sh3T4iAB3MmJIHvW8U5d11XQl636n9iXuog1Ma1PRTgCYHo1sUhciuRZ3Z1-5xVbrFfIYGh8rax4so8X41C6sy55mMQym67dcyE-sFX0Yvfr/s1023/SINGLE%20PRE%20DEPART%202023-06%20UW%20Seattle%20Area%20PreDepart%20Pics%20(105).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="1023" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtjoABMvfV18vUSFKES8XqJuPg50bvtP5k8unTUUmx0hC8qyg5m51B_CFFUbezXytnj2W1a8SSjbvTlAq2Sh3T4iAB3MmJIHvW8U5d11XQl636n9iXuog1Ma1PRTgCYHo1sUhciuRZ3Z1-5xVbrFfIYGh8rax4so8X41C6sy55mMQym67dcyE-sFX0Yvfr/w640-h344/SINGLE%20PRE%20DEPART%202023-06%20UW%20Seattle%20Area%20PreDepart%20Pics%20(105).jpg" width="640" /></a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigsHp2Z7HZ790slZ1awKoX2cXK_IyBeLGW9JjKz0cRF3Ow6kmzm-s5ArXK3b5f5VGqE04T3ePU5_cFVXN0peMYv7T2rv-CyBx86-Ua7ZtuHtalv8hat2iLTVL_dqVMzZvfWkVQleKozzo1F-MzupMOiMcGeWtFR3cVmLw4wvSzIOaVGrSSseHtI6yAbosQ/s1024/SINGLE%20PRE%20DEPART%202023-06%20UW%20Seattle%20Area%20PreDepart%20Pics%20(105).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="font-size: medium;">The group visited a number of farms near Seattle, Washington during the first part<br /> of the course prior to arriving in Costa Rica. This provided an excellent <br />opportunity to compare and contrast farming practices. </span><br /></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-1jlfhLT0aK0zOnw3vQt7F_P6oKRxz4fr-qslPJOaU86pCJl_nUoa70OKptI_Fi61z44aBWG-QqO-BSsJCpSxRSDA-eMfhoO41eaJ_QEMF1eV-5wV6r7dSQXBUUKywj1QpklYjc3a2c9E_920qeH7n2Z7x4Y2pUnz7z9IrIUVM2UGVwg-TCupTPo6H80u/s1024/SINGLE%202023-06%20UW%20Seattle%20Area%20PreDepart%20Pics%20(106).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="768" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-1jlfhLT0aK0zOnw3vQt7F_P6oKRxz4fr-qslPJOaU86pCJl_nUoa70OKptI_Fi61z44aBWG-QqO-BSsJCpSxRSDA-eMfhoO41eaJ_QEMF1eV-5wV6r7dSQXBUUKywj1QpklYjc3a2c9E_920qeH7n2Z7x4Y2pUnz7z9IrIUVM2UGVwg-TCupTPo6H80u/w480-h640/SINGLE%202023-06%20UW%20Seattle%20Area%20PreDepart%20Pics%20(106).jpg" width="480" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"> <br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6hExG99dXaz56lC7AW_vwNA6B3rQBC8wiZUZvQsRMYR4Qd-Yr4VajS84l35Y8yJvcQQ0WsOTNHT3_yiRDp7tuMkYRZd1-Q3XWrY0IBlyq6v527_iXE_bzs_-myqZkyDTATfpo9-QYMMwvRp_VTi72lQGxHMsuIyRjvc-KQEVT5eOP35sbiQpxqYXXQyJS/s1200/SINGLE%202023-07-09b%20Vol%20Work%20(110).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6hExG99dXaz56lC7AW_vwNA6B3rQBC8wiZUZvQsRMYR4Qd-Yr4VajS84l35Y8yJvcQQ0WsOTNHT3_yiRDp7tuMkYRZd1-Q3XWrY0IBlyq6v527_iXE_bzs_-myqZkyDTATfpo9-QYMMwvRp_VTi72lQGxHMsuIyRjvc-KQEVT5eOP35sbiQpxqYXXQyJS/w640-h480/SINGLE%202023-07-09b%20Vol%20Work%20(110).jpg" width="640" /></a></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Once in Costa Rica the group visited local organic farms and planted <br />little known native fruit trees (Chirimoya) and other pollinator <br />(e.g., hummingbird & butterfly) favorites. <br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG5tyC19sxRbfjepdGXoxV0XdOzb93UKsq5Ne26MUJr45zorfM6lN8waG6_0vvBenvd-U1yhPE5z09KG_HFNuxtqII_7EYVZFk3e2v88q3X5TUZ3mw0r_09ntFdKaL3A66bG0ftZ96aAM_Gd4uP7f_L3bFpHMih_r0rTaKgjHucyIf9M4k0-amqwLBc_vy/s1121/Slide4.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="696" data-original-width="1121" height="397" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG5tyC19sxRbfjepdGXoxV0XdOzb93UKsq5Ne26MUJr45zorfM6lN8waG6_0vvBenvd-U1yhPE5z09KG_HFNuxtqII_7EYVZFk3e2v88q3X5TUZ3mw0r_09ntFdKaL3A66bG0ftZ96aAM_Gd4uP7f_L3bFpHMih_r0rTaKgjHucyIf9M4k0-amqwLBc_vy/w640-h397/Slide4.JPG" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxedgndkyi8SraNQFO4Ubc8KDjfGHAA0W8Y4SKMk644Fwx-5qRW4B3s1Cb-WmjRKNuul2F1rWVey6RNpu5IC8hO6XFPu6vd4krXDsQfqJeITVWOpj3kZOLsZKkkAwA5Y0n9hkmBkom0Ru667I6aWpgaZUB0PHtHjKiOfPGnPkmpO59L1jD0xyIyLaMKTT5/s1008/Slide1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="663" data-original-width="1008" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxedgndkyi8SraNQFO4Ubc8KDjfGHAA0W8Y4SKMk644Fwx-5qRW4B3s1Cb-WmjRKNuul2F1rWVey6RNpu5IC8hO6XFPu6vd4krXDsQfqJeITVWOpj3kZOLsZKkkAwA5Y0n9hkmBkom0Ru667I6aWpgaZUB0PHtHjKiOfPGnPkmpO59L1jD0xyIyLaMKTT5/w640-h420/Slide1.JPG" width="640" /></a></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We also learned about Costa Rican culture and its natural & political history, <br />as well as assisted in an grade school environmental education <br />project about the importance of bees for ecosystem services. </span> <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI7Ym8MqRlDJzIAwL-uH2p1EaO8G3UVILI7biN75LAlKmparL93zqf7JbEVhMMp2jTapMD2xT6cB4eAWNas2WTKgk7Ts7g4o3J4tcYP0XPwLH0SKOtcTBeTAsIPMxDi2XRoJwa2MIbKRC2E-QpYlHl8d75MCwVrG420x3GhiN6CLvDSQOCX71C_zOG0ijV/s1200/MUSEO%20ADDL%20-%202023-07-07%20SR%20Museo%20(102)%20.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="674" data-original-width="1200" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI7Ym8MqRlDJzIAwL-uH2p1EaO8G3UVILI7biN75LAlKmparL93zqf7JbEVhMMp2jTapMD2xT6cB4eAWNas2WTKgk7Ts7g4o3J4tcYP0XPwLH0SKOtcTBeTAsIPMxDi2XRoJwa2MIbKRC2E-QpYlHl8d75MCwVrG420x3GhiN6CLvDSQOCX71C_zOG0ijV/w400-h225/MUSEO%20ADDL%20-%202023-07-07%20SR%20Museo%20(102)%20.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="text-align: center;"> <br /><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEierLJaVUw59lFd-F2FJ-tX2d4IQLJgCaxMZxifQVys84p2EDrNhhJsOTHKWXcnHehN-a9WNxhaSc4_djkvUcf9OMbhEsULH6H7wvwIE68WLXNPl7bghGmVFADFgMnqBDLmAtZiCDxw6iZ73diglkEvWYBHgklA6DUSa4s_JYjZXkZlS2AH1n7ydXCvpLYB/s1280/Ferias%20Collage.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEierLJaVUw59lFd-F2FJ-tX2d4IQLJgCaxMZxifQVys84p2EDrNhhJsOTHKWXcnHehN-a9WNxhaSc4_djkvUcf9OMbhEsULH6H7wvwIE68WLXNPl7bghGmVFADFgMnqBDLmAtZiCDxw6iZ73diglkEvWYBHgklA6DUSa4s_JYjZXkZlS2AH1n7ydXCvpLYB/w640-h360/Ferias%20Collage.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Visits to local farmer's markets where we learned <br />about (and ate) various tropical fruits! </span>😋<br /><br /></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"> <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBX0UtNfFvwTFwHWviYoFL04x42Puqmy-MwBDKArwbWvCljaT-l6LW0u4-c7k16qUI64uNAwdWS6qtIPkgFNXfEro4Go81Qn7RzZiwA88DQ9Atosux5wGmKEEHB0n0Dr9QSzWAvqSh1NHuX5-zLvedXbNsiUoEQrisRSHwH2OWNSk3poXCXfAylKYmJWda/s1200/2023-07-08c%20Oasis%20Arrival%20(100).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="673" data-original-width="1200" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBX0UtNfFvwTFwHWviYoFL04x42Puqmy-MwBDKArwbWvCljaT-l6LW0u4-c7k16qUI64uNAwdWS6qtIPkgFNXfEro4Go81Qn7RzZiwA88DQ9Atosux5wGmKEEHB0n0Dr9QSzWAvqSh1NHuX5-zLvedXbNsiUoEQrisRSHwH2OWNSk3poXCXfAylKYmJWda/w640-h358/2023-07-08c%20Oasis%20Arrival%20(100).jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Exploring our personal values (above), and our connection with Nature </span><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">through various Deep Ecology exercises and activities (below).</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJo6fFaRQY_cTyIwJCo8y4qOm5rg7Niav0tvO5FfyYnf4fyUibEuX_lck1xmb33ZTTER9_W-HGqCe3wV2nUs1IxRGcLa3fDjW1Y7vXPStiyRJuvNAW5cSva08bTwp48kKykzT1oHd6xypq3pPrEIFD7iPBR70rtN1vle5WqMFVxm0u4ectlHVPBwbWIlT0/s1164/Slide2.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="637" data-original-width="1164" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJo6fFaRQY_cTyIwJCo8y4qOm5rg7Niav0tvO5FfyYnf4fyUibEuX_lck1xmb33ZTTER9_W-HGqCe3wV2nUs1IxRGcLa3fDjW1Y7vXPStiyRJuvNAW5cSva08bTwp48kKykzT1oHd6xypq3pPrEIFD7iPBR70rtN1vle5WqMFVxm0u4ectlHVPBwbWIlT0/w640-h350/Slide2.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p></p></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCHjP4JiIGH9fbXZgpc8e5GrhEF5RMB3w39nfse7l-UN7bqjFutghofwRwlEC7TXUDAi4NUFhBAkMksJAp1IlfneCND1u9IeBZwKgCFp813jjOJpyLgbsGz2ch5lzG4CstrZ7J9eQjzCZ1_976adezo1BMpHRUfy9SyC0gbCapVHp74LqDZtDikGjqY4J1/s1091/UCR%20Collages1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="699" data-original-width="1091" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCHjP4JiIGH9fbXZgpc8e5GrhEF5RMB3w39nfse7l-UN7bqjFutghofwRwlEC7TXUDAi4NUFhBAkMksJAp1IlfneCND1u9IeBZwKgCFp813jjOJpyLgbsGz2ch5lzG4CstrZ7J9eQjzCZ1_976adezo1BMpHRUfy9SyC0gbCapVHp74LqDZtDikGjqY4J1/w640-h410/UCR%20Collages1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: medium;">A visit to the beautiful University of Costa Rica campus in San Ramón <br />where we made time for personal reflection. <br /></span></div><p style="text-align: center;"> <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxYURSCfR3t4cfbhnUNYaLDso0CTsooTBEwog4XhmCrf9f5FMgX2gYNaN7GZQoxKqEUV_Mv_XXl4QDHZJ_P99c9OXQdjbliegqt1o3ylhRx7iY6GTdXFqRoVAZVbf4bhTkewEpqIK3moOUVKcSk2j8zhmS3tn5QsLc1rXjegxpn0r1zCPf5R2ZVosXN0ms/s1071/UW%202023%20Collages2%20(Vertical).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1071" data-original-width="899" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxYURSCfR3t4cfbhnUNYaLDso0CTsooTBEwog4XhmCrf9f5FMgX2gYNaN7GZQoxKqEUV_Mv_XXl4QDHZJ_P99c9OXQdjbliegqt1o3ylhRx7iY6GTdXFqRoVAZVbf4bhTkewEpqIK3moOUVKcSk2j8zhmS3tn5QsLc1rXjegxpn0r1zCPf5R2ZVosXN0ms/w538-h640/UW%202023%20Collages2%20(Vertical).jpg" width="538" /><br /></a><span style="font-size: medium;">Some of the flora and fauna we encountered during the course. </span><br /></div><p style="text-align: center;"> </p><br /></div>Earth Education Internationalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03928864621732851260noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-42740558259107800982023-06-03T20:04:00.008-06:002023-06-07T11:00:01.352-06:00Summer 2023: International Environmental Issues & Globalization<div><div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrOrnVeEYAtmEUA10dADByGcpQB-7_9u0Qa09Oy6uZtvXsbomIeIcuZD-YXqueqk1nXM-joQocCp6nh5meMCNqp2p40V1b_qKe8mkNBztoJy2t9ufTdgR1bQHJXk6EVvYchZa15Njjq_1t4Ozh2zFLwrg3przj0_VM3QXuQwGe4_xwH1_IaFHCj2ou8w/s538/2023%20IEIG%20Tree%20Coring%20Collage.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="303" data-original-width="538" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrOrnVeEYAtmEUA10dADByGcpQB-7_9u0Qa09Oy6uZtvXsbomIeIcuZD-YXqueqk1nXM-joQocCp6nh5meMCNqp2p40V1b_qKe8mkNBztoJy2t9ufTdgR1bQHJXk6EVvYchZa15Njjq_1t4Ozh2zFLwrg3przj0_VM3QXuQwGe4_xwH1_IaFHCj2ou8w/w640-h360/2023%20IEIG%20Tree%20Coring%20Collage.jpg" width="640" /></a><br /></div><p style="text-align: right;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCm7qfrfrh80vwbGMHsrkcEczSben96LRvyrVdIRInyiy6TfQoXoBL7IKatcun9Z9ohgAnCUHyJbzRtsbWps9J6T7gSln0EHnpbgGw4j3KuW-Bs40hQBng4-wEbrrFSTSAEMb5QG0NsqEZ47pvwXkxgTm051-MQq0RWDhTDCnjeGYvLW5kOn9kbJ4NuA/s600/2023%20Rosemary%20Tree%20Pres%20-%20UCR.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCm7qfrfrh80vwbGMHsrkcEczSben96LRvyrVdIRInyiy6TfQoXoBL7IKatcun9Z9ohgAnCUHyJbzRtsbWps9J6T7gSln0EHnpbgGw4j3KuW-Bs40hQBng4-wEbrrFSTSAEMb5QG0NsqEZ47pvwXkxgTm051-MQq0RWDhTDCnjeGYvLW5kOn9kbJ4NuA/w400-h225/2023%20Rosemary%20Tree%20Pres%20-%20UCR.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: large;">Hands-on experience tree coring in a tropical forest reserve (above) after <br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">learning about different types of <br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">forests and techniques in <br />the classroom (right)</span><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></div><p style="text-align: right;"></p><p style="text-align: right;"></p><p style="text-align: right;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSioVp-NQjZic74hijwCHRyWmFpoe8XuLEUqjKJR8rT8DThgMAFJcVHZdVBQB_JdyRwVH2HPVITAvbUngj8Oj7437vWJyMD3xPCKhq9Kdr_TP6OASsZ5nsNoAQDqL6GMWz3FMw8jv4mRTFtFOY5fYn2lhH0ImF7l6wIBxJVYhvJypEXG_sgNNcb41f-Q/s1200/Museo%20(100).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="552" data-original-width="1200" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSioVp-NQjZic74hijwCHRyWmFpoe8XuLEUqjKJR8rT8DThgMAFJcVHZdVBQB_JdyRwVH2HPVITAvbUngj8Oj7437vWJyMD3xPCKhq9Kdr_TP6OASsZ5nsNoAQDqL6GMWz3FMw8jv4mRTFtFOY5fYn2lhH0ImF7l6wIBxJVYhvJypEXG_sgNNcb41f-Q/w640-h294/Museo%20(100).jpg" width="640" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Visiting a fossil and minerals exhibit (above) and learning <br />about Costa Rican history at a local museum (below)</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9z39l-i2yfS9f484Sjd430dbtdiJj8VbebO8RskhQVHbefviyAUjOT3rDfRwsMaGLYH7oA-MxTRB_Kg39wLyXmA0fhvekSca9Uu_Dtuntct80VJlrIqA8RguZATH5OYrsm27kjIs6wdfXSR0OtdIQlMvZDk6QCMNVM9xSPZHIYSoB-n4uXVENXW_jdA/s1065/Museo%20ADDLs.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="717" data-original-width="1065" height="431" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9z39l-i2yfS9f484Sjd430dbtdiJj8VbebO8RskhQVHbefviyAUjOT3rDfRwsMaGLYH7oA-MxTRB_Kg39wLyXmA0fhvekSca9Uu_Dtuntct80VJlrIqA8RguZATH5OYrsm27kjIs6wdfXSR0OtdIQlMvZDk6QCMNVM9xSPZHIYSoB-n4uXVENXW_jdA/w640-h431/Museo%20ADDLs.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT00dKtlOU3wWeg9L2tBuR3No_19xVBVANlZFPDqYOVR31xxPgORxDRgecirVDBKVuu5lSziAuT3hxGMRbZJlNQpFYZMPdLnhVIad4-u0Eeh5oxH3qJe-3PjuAEWh_BZWDN9AVB5gSPqE8dduWQNBDxcPdsWtMPbtCGuAgMqH6WH3Dltbns51J5S6HMQ/s588/2023-05-28c%20A.Oasis%20Intro%200.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="331" data-original-width="588" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT00dKtlOU3wWeg9L2tBuR3No_19xVBVANlZFPDqYOVR31xxPgORxDRgecirVDBKVuu5lSziAuT3hxGMRbZJlNQpFYZMPdLnhVIad4-u0Eeh5oxH3qJe-3PjuAEWh_BZWDN9AVB5gSPqE8dduWQNBDxcPdsWtMPbtCGuAgMqH6WH3Dltbns51J5S6HMQ/w640-h360/2023-05-28c%20A.Oasis%20Intro%200.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"></span><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><br /><br /><br />Learning in the field: Ecotourism in practice (left) and personal reflection </span><span style="font-size: large;">& ethnographic research </span><span style="font-size: large;">(below)</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh87nswpkjGcuLJwVJGecPmUutYXUmOHXho0Unp7QuyyETJdd5cml0ggXv4kowfVWgEhD7QtJCKnrgqt_nFz5duzqW_5g_0qW8S3xb-eDgeLKUavt0bjGklKeKkcUuxrl1TqKV1Rhm8IwpC5C8Z4Xlsjh2Ne3eJaZepQvHdfQBY3EuqjOOWMf-jWsBLfw/s717/2023%20IEIG%20Field%20Learning.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="717" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh87nswpkjGcuLJwVJGecPmUutYXUmOHXho0Unp7QuyyETJdd5cml0ggXv4kowfVWgEhD7QtJCKnrgqt_nFz5duzqW_5g_0qW8S3xb-eDgeLKUavt0bjGklKeKkcUuxrl1TqKV1Rhm8IwpC5C8Z4Xlsjh2Ne3eJaZepQvHdfQBY3EuqjOOWMf-jWsBLfw/s16000/2023%20IEIG%20Field%20Learning.jpg" /></a></p><p></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIENSTVAAgSirPwFm1Fn0NmzcWsplljVfKhEOgYHNhwaVEnaM_j_ZoH_7lLbjbw1wwaCdKD7QrEBTH1GLGtbXaWWe_7DhqS_2pC7PJ6BWm890qA5xTMPOWWx6DR_7UaOgYrhWirK7CwC4uP54AURAXtKtMrmT_MztntRw_rIB8H_f_9AVjyzzgSsLR0g/s1280/2023%20IEIG%20Mariposario%20WK.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIENSTVAAgSirPwFm1Fn0NmzcWsplljVfKhEOgYHNhwaVEnaM_j_ZoH_7lLbjbw1wwaCdKD7QrEBTH1GLGtbXaWWe_7DhqS_2pC7PJ6BWm890qA5xTMPOWWx6DR_7UaOgYrhWirK7CwC4uP54AURAXtKtMrmT_MztntRw_rIB8H_f_9AVjyzzgSsLR0g/w640-h360/2023%20IEIG%20Mariposario%20WK.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Volunteer service at <a href="https://goo.gl/maps/JnkdRcHXbCfR6Jeo8" target="_blank">La Fortuna Butterfly Garden</a> (above)<br /> and planting herbs on the grounds (below) <br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR64vicWoJr2yGwO73B_T983YYIGrkLSLQee_4eG9H3UZ9cGk7Dt8PYxWnVpT5oOvwRVjNREm_0cVZ9Xzqn76yPEFDkUPR63IGxvj6T8t58JL16IRD75ou__NmLzbHP0YaBH8GDLdjukbCxWY15hCqer-A4KTXEy_8ElwnEHqIDEmjq0U49y9JVwyrGA/s627/2023%20IEIG%20Mariposarrio%20Herb%20Planting%20Collage.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="627" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR64vicWoJr2yGwO73B_T983YYIGrkLSLQee_4eG9H3UZ9cGk7Dt8PYxWnVpT5oOvwRVjNREm_0cVZ9Xzqn76yPEFDkUPR63IGxvj6T8t58JL16IRD75ou__NmLzbHP0YaBH8GDLdjukbCxWY15hCqer-A4KTXEy_8ElwnEHqIDEmjq0U49y9JVwyrGA/w640-h342/2023%20IEIG%20Mariposarrio%20Herb%20Planting%20Collage.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinP2rQ_922tHnCen-UAwazpGkdzUwJqU_nme6NoZGU5BPLaebnNHcjFVExa2-8CxgEI2zY3uA7xi1Rl6O5zNCe_fFlQa9FeB1_JROzJCv_qYcXwuqCt61ACGzniKt3KqPXLom04R_xTOofutMkDNfCLIYrw3lbstiaUDlH_2jn0ypk4gAT4dYCLGzb5A/s556/z1.%20ASOMAG1%20Meeting%20(101).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="441" data-original-width="556" height="509" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinP2rQ_922tHnCen-UAwazpGkdzUwJqU_nme6NoZGU5BPLaebnNHcjFVExa2-8CxgEI2zY3uA7xi1Rl6O5zNCe_fFlQa9FeB1_JROzJCv_qYcXwuqCt61ACGzniKt3KqPXLom04R_xTOofutMkDNfCLIYrw3lbstiaUDlH_2jn0ypk4gAT4dYCLGzb5A/w640-h509/z1.%20ASOMAG1%20Meeting%20(101).jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Visiting an organic herbal health care products cottage industry run by a woman's cooperative </span><span style="font-size: large;">in Grecia </span></div><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_j5rC-Zjql27AMCF0xk9hs6fs4sYWKQcFCSkOwc2qGmjbftAdkUkMiMHUaglIaebftVMZFdoqUAha5J6kASbdsqQtogMJE_ViiOvPN6eGPNPy4PGq_4_BPCqFXrH-dhN6lETac5Yltsu2hi-MQRJlRGJwn-W7tzUl0JmZvgPnLJ7Ec1Jw542L30B9LA/s510/1%20ASADA%20Reforestation%20(103).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="356" data-original-width="510" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_j5rC-Zjql27AMCF0xk9hs6fs4sYWKQcFCSkOwc2qGmjbftAdkUkMiMHUaglIaebftVMZFdoqUAha5J6kASbdsqQtogMJE_ViiOvPN6eGPNPy4PGq_4_BPCqFXrH-dhN6lETac5Yltsu2hi-MQRJlRGJwn-W7tzUl0JmZvgPnLJ7Ec1Jw542L30B9LA/w640-h446/1%20ASADA%20Reforestation%20(103).jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Watershed reforestation in the Western Central Valley town of Palmares</span><br /></p></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_UAZsnx8cRp4wFFWHuADJASo4_ae4Xf_leDIRGPf_L8gMie_PiYetjj5Pmp8eiN9IQPAabvdZa7-dvUdU_PFimuw3u1MPc2PUDxogvowcdD3ka4b-jMh6ZXZ7evc4MS4_kHU64JJPS4gYMs1xUhw5kMSPIqZPLcILrn2spjqnBgeyAXSUywKPwO76Og/s713/2023%20IEIG%20Palamres%20Reforestation%20Collage.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="420" data-original-width="713" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_UAZsnx8cRp4wFFWHuADJASo4_ae4Xf_leDIRGPf_L8gMie_PiYetjj5Pmp8eiN9IQPAabvdZa7-dvUdU_PFimuw3u1MPc2PUDxogvowcdD3ka4b-jMh6ZXZ7evc4MS4_kHU64JJPS4gYMs1xUhw5kMSPIqZPLcILrn2spjqnBgeyAXSUywKPwO76Og/s16000/2023%20IEIG%20Palamres%20Reforestation%20Collage.jpg" /></a> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMsriJDGYHdVDOiRHHRU18UyX7-sNPTOXtMfAHR7C7Sjlh8Tq2auDnZ7nk_rXJJcLP496Zao1FgZFQMlcLLwv56XsG-NJJbAtcN2Gh38eijAMxbY4WZ-nrRUhqh9JvlrZRWcFOEw12P7rKNJ80Z8tWFPMUmF-6M6IOYA1RUdA9Scuq2rva5q-WEdtjTg/s600/2023-05-28a%20Bosque%20de%20Los%20Ni%C3%B1os%205.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMsriJDGYHdVDOiRHHRU18UyX7-sNPTOXtMfAHR7C7Sjlh8Tq2auDnZ7nk_rXJJcLP496Zao1FgZFQMlcLLwv56XsG-NJJbAtcN2Gh38eijAMxbY4WZ-nrRUhqh9JvlrZRWcFOEw12P7rKNJ80Z8tWFPMUmF-6M6IOYA1RUdA9Scuq2rva5q-WEdtjTg/w640-h360/2023-05-28a%20Bosque%20de%20Los%20Ni%C3%B1os%205.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Hiking in the Children's Eternal Rainforest</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg48uxKDskc6B3bsA6CMdBKnUlkpxSxmUcCazR4Ga_iAb7In7ng--gjKowDbsafNfVYFcYI3MunUjUqyTc3uY11jpJC4uUP71b1r85zjDs5M-UNvvynON8nTrwOwoYqALeLPznKc_UfIfrtUiyVA9VHvcilVj891B3seAU1evTQzAdUHG5jY1roY_NCXw/s640/z1%20BEN%20(105)b.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg48uxKDskc6B3bsA6CMdBKnUlkpxSxmUcCazR4Ga_iAb7In7ng--gjKowDbsafNfVYFcYI3MunUjUqyTc3uY11jpJC4uUP71b1r85zjDs5M-UNvvynON8nTrwOwoYqALeLPznKc_UfIfrtUiyVA9VHvcilVj891B3seAU1evTQzAdUHG5jY1roY_NCXw/s16000/z1%20BEN%20(105)b.jpg" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Also see Robyn's course video <a href="https://youtu.be/pqpIskwXVDc" target="_blank">here</a>. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span> <br /></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div>Earth Education Internationalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03928864621732851260noreply@blogger.comAlajuela Province, San Ramon, Costa Rica10.0910284 -84.4703933-18.219205436178846 -119.6266433 38.401262236178844 -49.3141433tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-75193674901373080522022-06-06T21:25:00.003-06:002022-06-07T09:55:07.226-06:00Summer 2022: International Environmental Issues & Globalization<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <br /></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRgshdfjhV8pySbrQmhiIaE3ZZ-_EphSwiZKdlWHEvQ8JDVbV6Btqj7smG3qykdoSyxJp4iXERLmmZYZ38PfqYe4LXXlCyfEwTg3avTZ1PieJJHIGl1sw5N9RrgXAzmwt77yAgZu_GHYmuFULGN2CteWUT3Ih9Ks7stgn4J9S2_-vjjeKZRF1ZdIemaA/s626/Ecolodge.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="626" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRgshdfjhV8pySbrQmhiIaE3ZZ-_EphSwiZKdlWHEvQ8JDVbV6Btqj7smG3qykdoSyxJp4iXERLmmZYZ38PfqYe4LXXlCyfEwTg3avTZ1PieJJHIGl1sw5N9RrgXAzmwt77yAgZu_GHYmuFULGN2CteWUT3Ih9Ks7stgn4J9S2_-vjjeKZRF1ZdIemaA/s16000/Ecolodge.jpg" /></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Outdoor learning & volunteer work in La Fortuna: <br /><br />Learning the history of the ecolodge we stayed at from the founder (left top),<br /><br />a Deep Ecology field activity (left bottom),<br /><br />and making wild bee traps to establish colonies for honey production (below).<br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJFqngs71wWERo6mCPZXxK_F7sNz6ANcc7ARsELN4hyAxVwm1or0dItnEPz8FaXTrdWNlhdZcz7othLiiv6KmFVg7t6XbwQZUhQz-Pcc60W37ZsTsism3HIpeb17xSalwlgjZz81P1OpAapibz6O9jvL-PkeIrDp2FI8FXmMMW8F5pBy-4uwp9bhEj9Q/s541/2022-05-31b%20Fortuna%20Ecolodge%20Service%202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="541" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJFqngs71wWERo6mCPZXxK_F7sNz6ANcc7ARsELN4hyAxVwm1or0dItnEPz8FaXTrdWNlhdZcz7othLiiv6KmFVg7t6XbwQZUhQz-Pcc60W37ZsTsism3HIpeb17xSalwlgjZz81P1OpAapibz6O9jvL-PkeIrDp2FI8FXmMMW8F5pBy-4uwp9bhEj9Q/w640-h360/2022-05-31b%20Fortuna%20Ecolodge%20Service%202.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTj5Isfml5Y0vn9aMq8meACxukBPr-sgPYELPIvdamMk_4kH8eJk1yyRWyHw3fcMtf5kYPZLWMMrKyHV11D7e9tVsbxGRJeCGbLH_hEGB_DAflRv8xl8JlVJ7uMU7sD1HTyrBsm5BPIqShf4kpozZzwIdtE2NzcKUnbzaHufyPTgDrg-kYuhbgJxp_SQ/s600/UCR%20Demonstration%20Forest%200.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTj5Isfml5Y0vn9aMq8meACxukBPr-sgPYELPIvdamMk_4kH8eJk1yyRWyHw3fcMtf5kYPZLWMMrKyHV11D7e9tVsbxGRJeCGbLH_hEGB_DAflRv8xl8JlVJ7uMU7sD1HTyrBsm5BPIqShf4kpozZzwIdtE2NzcKUnbzaHufyPTgDrg-kYuhbgJxp_SQ/w640-h360/UCR%20Demonstration%20Forest%200.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><br /><br /><br />The course included field visits to a premontane forest, cloud forest, and lowland rain forest (left & below).</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrYNhxt1cDM_2z0SrFocQbjWUgoLkzv22DpM-OxzyFmBPUv2sTCKKclJk4n3nrH4TJ2Sm_0g6UcuyWa-haTSwU8LNXVCXS7oZknM7LmWLPY8DHH35uX_KnV-TnLyXEp04zoJSJEf1d3FvylkmDHG0ufz3Vhy-6rA0R6PQmXk_K70hOe2mK1PPexFPaTA/s649/WALL%20OF%20FAME.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="323" data-original-width="649" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrYNhxt1cDM_2z0SrFocQbjWUgoLkzv22DpM-OxzyFmBPUv2sTCKKclJk4n3nrH4TJ2Sm_0g6UcuyWa-haTSwU8LNXVCXS7oZknM7LmWLPY8DHH35uX_KnV-TnLyXEp04zoJSJEf1d3FvylkmDHG0ufz3Vhy-6rA0R6PQmXk_K70hOe2mK1PPexFPaTA/w640-h318/WALL%20OF%20FAME.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Some of the wildlife we encountered along the way... <br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="593" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLI69fhg58WXGN0G21k5epC56c7eoAAE9XmrSTKGlQNit7qw0rqWtRsESRQu66KtGHiPZ1-KaFa7AjRaHGGt0O5aRcRgfsfhsc0LMTp2nyPc3W7vixsJglAEGoyPfiubPI1600EX8Hw9_DFhaGGYP2dqUYI_crxnuYvVl63LUvkG_mJPNWIULvHH-tfA/w640-h374/VB%20Collage.jpg" width="640" /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="512" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2MGWRlq1HWRxcFyoOv7plu7rx8v74UkKakjcF9eDcpPKTsogFVspt8ZOeOxvqsM11Ps4gk6sgLDGitwZBZuV-BRxAY2g1aJKpgTJ2b0I2Cnn7dDJjk-5fGUlXwkCgjpb25bLYwwvtpOtf3UMBKVv6AVfxj6k19ELhjxp89_wb315mAOGM84tby3P-FA/w640-h372/Wildlife%20EXTRA.jpg" width="640" /></div><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span> <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div style="text-align: right;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB2pymQon7gHGBJIdm4_DDLzDNhskfmg8WLoUUW5_4OfQG_NoPOMisvgiMdChUtOrZlLwyiOGQaKBCeTuoYDpKIZiFF7J4gddpo8Q65I3MwM1TyeTorQBKVBO_Zp6AKTXKF6b99bmpN7uFMlU2cVdkpbJzlJ4ba_Jbixv11-fkVWEOA9KD1Xz_dZwKSA/s584/2022-05-28a%20LasMusas%20WaterQual%20Pres%201.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="584" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB2pymQon7gHGBJIdm4_DDLzDNhskfmg8WLoUUW5_4OfQG_NoPOMisvgiMdChUtOrZlLwyiOGQaKBCeTuoYDpKIZiFF7J4gddpo8Q65I3MwM1TyeTorQBKVBO_Zp6AKTXKF6b99bmpN7uFMlU2cVdkpbJzlJ4ba_Jbixv11-fkVWEOA9KD1Xz_dZwKSA/w640-h278/2022-05-28a%20LasMusas%20WaterQual%20Pres%201.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />Learning about indicators of water quality in rivers and streams (right) before applying that knowledge in a stream (with a gorgeous waterfall) near San Ramon (below).</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="610" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM5P6f_0srF6Uy3RVCU6mbYTAMw-vbc7yO3DZOygVZ1zQk9nvChV86jSunm6sPiIssSwEQo3lgGABaZvioPkHHqj5Qp7FdRb64H3JFr3VR3kosAi4qzOZjXen-qy-rSI3r_MEMdnzIG4brgZr4Qh9kri4UFh6XofUfzS1UzwoLEKgd7soSZdnMcPSWtg/w640-h378/Musas.jpg" width="640" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAN90Ihz68E4OEdI2zru0veX_6RG2hK4FUrymtfdBmhO1CteYtN7AwhgdJayPeYuh3kp8eX3uNtsWWVlqBuaoU9mGZGqQt8Z0W40IKu0mEXb19JokyGwC3Z3-r4XK6FoUNsCv4iztiXF77aAz7aYp-8ZM61wHjrZ5T7iYBlfemrHAsWs49BJd5o6Eqwg/s416/Musas%20Grupo%20Sans%20Alison.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="312" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAN90Ihz68E4OEdI2zru0veX_6RG2hK4FUrymtfdBmhO1CteYtN7AwhgdJayPeYuh3kp8eX3uNtsWWVlqBuaoU9mGZGqQt8Z0W40IKu0mEXb19JokyGwC3Z3-r4XK6FoUNsCv4iztiXF77aAz7aYp-8ZM61wHjrZ5T7iYBlfemrHAsWs49BJd5o6Eqwg/w480-h640/Musas%20Grupo%20Sans%20Alison.JPG" width="480" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZQyNK8zwRxnAifvVT_HtSaj4R9crn1WQuEhMJmZtoeU_9L6LTQcyhBik-tJ057W8Aiq_3wm1xp2CrrHICH2MOPf4_ITlL54fOLqqlhp-JOy7owg3iaOQHzdaIEwAFYOZ3r9Nen3Vcukz9d9wYFaK3HFd_575oWQIDszRIoFo-RDucDg34HjU5dfinqA/s1109/ASADA%20TreeGrupo%200.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="558" data-original-width="1109" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZQyNK8zwRxnAifvVT_HtSaj4R9crn1WQuEhMJmZtoeU_9L6LTQcyhBik-tJ057W8Aiq_3wm1xp2CrrHICH2MOPf4_ITlL54fOLqqlhp-JOy7owg3iaOQHzdaIEwAFYOZ3r9Nen3Vcukz9d9wYFaK3HFd_575oWQIDszRIoFo-RDucDg34HjU5dfinqA/w640-h322/ASADA%20TreeGrupo%200.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A reforestation activity with a community water administrator in Palmares </span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">(left & below).</span><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi24TiGe6o-_5kGPd117DFcSDMn1sPNO6rhjFvM9rFNZACa0hOOjtjbqNoOyF6z7T0owcIL48k1_rViIt6xoNr4j0ZeAzA6vI7MIWSiXkDi82Rz2Fciqd5v0HtKHJg0m3ILMSGLHHIiylxSJ9l1V0g39LX3lJB-RTLgix19Mb55CTVxTAnymtJPxXjhnw/s1280/ASADA.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi24TiGe6o-_5kGPd117DFcSDMn1sPNO6rhjFvM9rFNZACa0hOOjtjbqNoOyF6z7T0owcIL48k1_rViIt6xoNr4j0ZeAzA6vI7MIWSiXkDi82Rz2Fciqd5v0HtKHJg0m3ILMSGLHHIiylxSJ9l1V0g39LX3lJB-RTLgix19Mb55CTVxTAnymtJPxXjhnw/w640-h360/ASADA.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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text-align: center;"></div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div>Earth Education Internationalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03928864621732851260noreply@blogger.comCosta Rica9.7489169999999987 -83.753428-18.561316836178847 -118.909678 38.059150836178844 -48.597178tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-28255826784438578512019-06-13T16:06:00.000-06:002019-06-13T16:06:17.971-06:00Summer 2019: International Environmental Issues & Globalization<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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A visit to Villa Blanca Private Cloud Forest Nature Reserve in the Tilarán Mountain Range (above & below).<br />
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Learning about Costa Rican history & biological diversity at the regional museum in San Ramón.<br />
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Hiking in the lowland rain forest of the Northern Zone (above), with a stunning view of Arenal Volcano (below)</div>
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Volunteer work on an organic farm near La Fortuna: Soil preparation and planting medicinal herbs & fruit trees.<br />
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A World Environment Day celebration in Palmares: Releasing morpho butterflies into a butterfy garden (above), <br />
and learning about local environmental conservation efforts & tree planting to create a small park at a local high school (below). </div>
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Some of the local wildlife we were lucky enough to see during our outings!<br />
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Learning about marine ecology and sustainable<br />
community development projects of the <br />
Pacific Coast in Puntarenas.</div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Costa Rica9.7489169999999987 -83.7534279999999851.7311089999999982 -94.080576499999978 17.766725 -73.426279499999993tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-7482471451117285202018-06-05T14:17:00.001-06:002018-06-05T20:23:39.721-06:00Summer 2018: International Environmental Issues & Globalization<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Hiking in the Children's Eternal Rainforest Reserve in the Tilaran Mountains.<br />
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Some of the local fauna we encountered at Arenal Oasis Wildlife Refuge in La Fortuna.<br />
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A visit to a local organic woman's herbal health care production facility in Grecia.</div>
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Aquatic ecology and biological assessment of streams: <br />
Theory and field work sampling in and around San Ramon.</div>
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Visiting a hydroelectric facility in the Northern Zone, where we discussed the pro's and con's of large hydroelectric project contributions to Costa Rica's 99.6% renewable electricity mix.<br />
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The National University Marine Ecology Field Station in Puntarenas, where we learned about aquatic organisms and fisheries of the Pacific coast. <br />
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Volunteer work: Planting pineapple and basil on an organic farm in La Fortuna (left and top), <br />
and reforestation in Las Tinajitas Reserve in Palmares (bottom right). </div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-64356173286657332932017-06-06T12:28:00.000-06:002018-06-05T14:18:04.737-06:00Summer 2017: International Environmental Issues & Globalization<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The group on a hanging bridge over the rain forest during a private reserve hike in the Northern Zone (above), and a waterfall stop along the way (right).</div>
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Discussing sustainable energy in the classroom (right), </div>
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to Peñas Blancas Hydroelectric Plant (above),</div>
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one of many such plants that
contribute the vast majority <br />
of the country's 98% renewable electricity mix.</div>
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Stream sampling (above) and bioassesment water quality analysis in the lab (below).</div>
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A presentation about traditional wooden cart manufacturing during a visit to a historical hydro-mechanical workshop.<br />
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Learning about watershed conservation and restoration: Theory in the classroom,<br />
a water processing plant tour, and reforestation in the biological corredor watershed<br />
that provides the local community with their drinking water.<br />
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Visiting a local farmers market where we tried various tropical fruits <br />
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sugar cane juice.</div>
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Cristina and Becca helping make aloe vera gel during a visit to a woman's organic health care production facility. </div>
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Two of the volunteer work assignments during the course: Cleaning out sediment from <br />
the river where water is diverted for the micro-hydro plant (main picture), <br />
and the group on a local farm where we planted medicinal plants.</div>
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Hiking in Alberto Brenes Biological Reserve, </div>
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and some wildlife encountered.</div>
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Learning about solar energy at our hotel in San Ramón.</div>
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Marisa, Jenna, Tessa and Zoe proudly showing off aloe vera<br />
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Stream sampling and bioassesment activities.</div>
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Course
participants together with a local bilingual school group discussing
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and where we planted trees to offset carbon emissions and support local conservation efforts (below).</div>
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A renewable energy discussion and field site visit to a hydroelectric plant. </div>
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Visiting an exhibition on democracía a la Tica <br />
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Learning about marine aquaculture at the <br />
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Volunteer work planting a herb garden (above), and river rock collection for <br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-66175906779308871702015-06-11T19:29:00.000-06:002015-06-12T13:34:28.243-06:00Summer 2015: International Environmental Issues & Globalization<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The group being welcomed to San Ramón by the Mayor's office</div>
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Stream sampling and bioassesment activities.<br />
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A visit to a local business to learn about their solar energy initiatives. Since connecting their photovoltaic system to the grid they have produced more energy from the sun than they have consumed, in addition to their solar hot water system operating with no additional energy input!</div>
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Adrian and Max in awe of the tropical rain forest!<br />
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Some of our field activities: Lunch at a woman's health care product cottage industry <br />
and hiking in a family-owned private reserve.</div>
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Reforesting
in a biological corridor to support watershed conservation efforts and
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offset carbon emissions associated with the course.</div>
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Hiking, birding, and frogging in the Alberto Brenes Biological Reserve <br />
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Planting seedlings: Volunteering at a rural medicinal plant garden.</div>
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Shared learning in Conservation and Restoration with a group of local students studying<br />
English at the National Institute of Learning (INA).</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comSan Ramon, Costa Rica10.086839772253144 -84.47284698486328110.071206272253145 -84.493016984863274 10.102473272253144 -84.452676984863288tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-82358248676375231632014-04-06T17:05:00.001-06:002014-04-13T10:46:43.362-06:00La Mariposa: A Synergism of Business & Development (TSP Case Study)<div class="MsoNormal">
As a traveler in Central America, you have choices. You can buy an all inclusive package, (<i>"todo incluido"</i> as my host mom would say), keep both feet firmly planted between the grounds of your cushy resort and pathway to the beach, and return home with a sunburn, hangover, and an extra ten pounds around your midsection. Or you can venture outside your comfort zone, immerse yourself in a new culture, meet locals, and return home with a refreshing new perspective and the consolation that you have, (in some way), made a positive impact on the land you visited. As enticing as the former option may have sounded two months ago, I can now honestly say that I would much rather do the latter: be a shaper, instead of a mere observer. This is the true definition of ecotourism, a word that is so overused, its true meaning has become ambiguous. Ecotourism is not a stationary act; its implementation is set within an interdependent world of diversity and differences and their respective social and cultural systems. In Nicaragua, my peers and I were fortunate enough to experience and observe a functioning ecotourism establishment and meet the owner of the project.</div>
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Nestled within the tropical lush tropical hills just south of
Nicaragua’s capital, Managua, is the small village La Concha, site of the “La
Mariposa” sites, both hotel and study center. La Mariposa is an idyllic conglomeration of rustic cabinas and colorful hammocks while the study center is a larger, less structured site that accommodates groups; both are the brainchildren of British native, Paulette Goudges. Upon our arrival, Paulette graciously invited
us to her office for a pre-lunch presentation. Vivacious and insightful,
Paulette discussed her rather novel approach to sustainable development in
rural community, a compelling talk only further garnished by her frequent quips of witty British humor.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9RQaOgmRivPYQiuVn8bgJLHh-5WJ6NojORqjYbw0JISU4E2PZGlYGXSg0P7ZpF7ce79i9POJxH0WIpluXVk_Ih8rYHez2vGiwusgf_5iaOx-W0wCaqdp4Tv1EkYKPMyYeu2m_UroBXvi9/s1600/DSCF0187.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9RQaOgmRivPYQiuVn8bgJLHh-5WJ6NojORqjYbw0JISU4E2PZGlYGXSg0P7ZpF7ce79i9POJxH0WIpluXVk_Ih8rYHez2vGiwusgf_5iaOx-W0wCaqdp4Tv1EkYKPMyYeu2m_UroBXvi9/s1600/DSCF0187.JPG" height="200" width="200" /></a><o:p> </o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq-2LlnGGRa-1kxqhPMCnK4i-TwQIYbCUIe4dlSfgRg0xm8Yq8Fc7u218Zfbpkb-V3GvFSkt40TRsdRPeDlVRflzHUWd9E4PmJIwNF4xQU1ytTABQJBuKQtZkDKroDBzumE9M0snYSB-mp/s1600/DSCF0207.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq-2LlnGGRa-1kxqhPMCnK4i-TwQIYbCUIe4dlSfgRg0xm8Yq8Fc7u218Zfbpkb-V3GvFSkt40TRsdRPeDlVRflzHUWd9E4PmJIwNF4xQU1ytTABQJBuKQtZkDKroDBzumE9M0snYSB-mp/s1600/DSCF0207.JPG" height="200" width="200" /></a>Though Paulette is now an appreciated and in many ways, esteemed, member of the community, she has come a long way. Paulette first came to
Nicaragua in the 1980’s during the Contra Wars to volunteer in an orphanage. Upon her arrival and witnessing how destitute the rural Nicaraguans were living, her proposed short trip turned into a three year stay. Realizing how important language acquisition was to her immersion in Nicaraguan culture, Paulette learned Spanish and adopted a two
year-old orphan who she brought back with her to the United Kingdom upon her
departure from Nicaragua. However, reintegrating herself back into Western culture was not easy. The time that Paulette had spent in Nicaragua left
a lasting impression on her, would later send her on a meandering path that would cross continents and oceans. The years that she had spent in Nicaragua had left her enamored with a culture and people that
were more resourceful, persevering and genuine than those she knew in her
homeland.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_ijDPqCJoCvQLBCH3Tr6frA6Sez9ep5fYid7OXLhTP4q75NFuiQdoZEZ_a7O44Rw5n1bYKNvv4kJlIiiPl6sP1iVV1aTJ3Gqc_moJ8DXBV30E74QZWGWdLCr9AZnigbCe8zWj4S4sF3E_/s1600/DSCF0214.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_ijDPqCJoCvQLBCH3Tr6frA6Sez9ep5fYid7OXLhTP4q75NFuiQdoZEZ_a7O44Rw5n1bYKNvv4kJlIiiPl6sP1iVV1aTJ3Gqc_moJ8DXBV30E74QZWGWdLCr9AZnigbCe8zWj4S4sF3E_/s1600/DSCF0214.JPG" height="200" width="200" /></a>After making several return trips to Nicaragua, Paulette
finally decided to make an investment in her future and those of local
Nicaraguans. Paulette cashed in her pension and sold her home in the UK and used those funds to finance the development of La Mariposa. This is not a place for tourists seeking the thrill of nightclubs,
bars, and bright lights, but for tourists looking to gain a greater understanding of a different way of life; in this sense the hotel welcomes
visitors of all-ages and backgrounds who want a true cultural and social immersion
experience instead of a superficial packaged tour, with average stay ranging anywhere from one week to a couple of months. Paulette believes in complete transparency and giving the guests an authentic depiction and understanding of Nicaragua, through an impartial crash-course approach to Nicaraguan culture, politics, and history, even when it may not be favorable. Many people that come to a country with such a convoluted history such as Nicaragua have misconceptions, and are quick to write the country off as being "impoverished," or "politically unstable." However, it is important to understand that each country has its own complex social structure and unique history and seeing the hardships, attitudes, and customs firsthand, ("the good, the bad, and the ugly") can inspire the guests to make a difference. Guests have the option of staying with a local Nicaraguan family instead of at the
hotel. Regardless of where the guests are staying, the one standard among all guests is that they must take Spanish classes during the day, and despite nationality, age and occupational differences, during mealtimes, guests are eager to utilize their newly learned Spanish making for a socially vibrant atmosphere among workers and guests. For
recreation, guests have a wide variety of option: hammock weaving, the construction of traditional handicrafts, guided walks, cooking
lessons, horseback rides, hikes, solar-power lessons.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPXODYuU3faX4OS2DTU-9wLfqk-ZzhFeKOY2ey6cLiDPBY5KUSGHMEBSbyvKwtBbHK-0zJZNFKsMMVutP-PFB987i6UM5GpJZobA0Ov-ZjPKl96BOZXuNwB4uzWSTtuHaOAkU0m3pOjagC/s1600/DSCF0215.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPXODYuU3faX4OS2DTU-9wLfqk-ZzhFeKOY2ey6cLiDPBY5KUSGHMEBSbyvKwtBbHK-0zJZNFKsMMVutP-PFB987i6UM5GpJZobA0Ov-ZjPKl96BOZXuNwB4uzWSTtuHaOAkU0m3pOjagC/s1600/DSCF0215.JPG" height="200" width="200" /></a>Both candid and personable, Paulette firmly believes that in order to positively influence those around you, you must lead by example. As she says, “You cannot just tell other people to act in eco-friendly ways. You must set an example.” Both the hotel and the study center strive to be carbon-neutral. The study center is made entirely from thatch, volcanic rock, and used tires. Hot water is derived from solar panels, and a large percentage of the fruits and vegetables served are grown and picked from the on-site organic garden. Gray water, derived from showers, is stored and used to water the plants. There is a wormery and compost on-site used to enrich the soil. In addition, the habitation of rescue animals on site allows guests have the pleasure of getting a glimpse into some of the amazing wildlife that Nicaragua has to offer, including: monkeys, a toucan, rabbits, and reptiles.<o:p></o:p></div>
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From my interactions with those in the Managua area, I quickly learned that La Mariposa is a famous <br />
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attraction in the area. On site at La Mariposa, eating lunch outside with a friendly mix of people trying to communicate in Spanish, swinging in a hammock, it is easy to forget you are at a hotel. However, since the establishment of La Mariposa, Paulette's aim has been to aid the community in transcending its poverty. Without a doubt, Paulette has succeeded. The hotel, which currently employs over sixty-five people, is the biggest non-public employer in the area and Paulette prides herself on the fact that employees of La Mariposa make more than local wage levels. Paulette believes that in creating sustainable community in rural community it is important to create dignified employment instead of donating money to the local government, where those funds, (if given to the community at all), would be done so in the form of handouts. Local employment is only one of the ways that Paulette promotes sustainable ecotourism development. What impressed me most about La Mariposa, was Paulette’s ability to integrate social and community projects within her larger business framework. Paulette keeps none of the profits from the hotel to herself. Proceeds derived from guests are fed directly back into the community, through employing local people, funding existing local community service projects establishing new programs. The frequency to which Paulette is able to help directly relies on the success of the hotel. In this sense, hotel management and hospitality is the foundation of all else. The busier the hotel is, the more money Paulette will have to give current workers more hours, employ more workers, and to fund current and future projects.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJkIcbr2eUZHcAsYPzPt9Q8KppULencwv5HxubiDNNjyRXYTx0oSBGC0XtNctleyQm1WNbR7CTqHlT-2ZMn1XQ1bNgLdwotu8VI7Z6CV4kYThPoJsnWq5VSgVIwhFzS33F0YoAUfYtILxj/s1600/DSCF0222.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJkIcbr2eUZHcAsYPzPt9Q8KppULencwv5HxubiDNNjyRXYTx0oSBGC0XtNctleyQm1WNbR7CTqHlT-2ZMn1XQ1bNgLdwotu8VI7Z6CV4kYThPoJsnWq5VSgVIwhFzS33F0YoAUfYtILxj/s1600/DSCF0222.JPG" height="200" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnMmV10Ay8A-X_ADewtFsb2yl0MWtwr1uCBX36qkYMVR3c_MbKinrawbN0Q2DArENgVni-s16FTBFVlk38R7IjBoHbQKuvnDzv0WDMaerBlG9YhakRRnQ3xfW0XL7gBZT7mgeEYnLgpLg1/s1600/DSCF0218.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnMmV10Ay8A-X_ADewtFsb2yl0MWtwr1uCBX36qkYMVR3c_MbKinrawbN0Q2DArENgVni-s16FTBFVlk38R7IjBoHbQKuvnDzv0WDMaerBlG9YhakRRnQ3xfW0XL7gBZT7mgeEYnLgpLg1/s1600/DSCF0218.JPG" height="200" width="200" /></a>Paulette believes that the biggest reason that most foreign aid projects fail is that they are derived from a Western blueprint. So<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> many times, Central America's Northern neighbors think they know what the local people want and need, disregard their input and undervalue their knowledge. Paulette </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">believes</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> that i</span>t is important to not trivialize the knowledge of the local people and marginalize their needs and wants <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">She
said that in her experience funding community projects, those that lasted were
the ones that people have asked for. Paulette believes that it is important to
communicate with those in the areas that you are trying to help and really
listen. Listen to the needs and concerns.</span></div>
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People from the community feel comfortable approaching the establishment and asking for funding. During lunch, we ate delicious glazed donuts that were the courtesy of local women who received money from La Mariposa some time ago to establish a building where they could put their cooking equipment and bake.</div>
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During my stay, I got to see and partake in one of their community projects. I visited Ruben Dario Primary School, which serves more than two hundred students from La Concha's barrios. La Mariposa and its guests have contributed funds to complete the construction of the library and have filled the shelves with books and the open space with chairs and tables. I was able to look at the Rincon de Leer (Reading Corner), where I was pleasantly surprised to see how well the children were able to read.</div>
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Shortly after the establishment of the eco-hotel,
Paulette decided to build an eco-study center within close proximity to the
hotel that would serve as a place where larger groups could stay and experience
the culture and nature of the locale without disrupting the more established
schedule of the eco-hotel. This is where my peers and I stayed.<br />
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The establishment of the La Mariposa hotel and study center have been an incredible blessing to the La Concha people. Paulette hopes that in her older years she will be able to see Nicaraguan people completely running La Mariposa. The passing over of her creation to the Nicaraguan people would be a gift of dual satisfaction. Paulette would be giving something back to the Nicaraguan people that have accepted her, embraced her vision, and given so much joy to her life; in the same token, having Nicaraguan people run a successful establishment would set a precedent for the future Nicaraguan entrepreneurship.</div>
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The time that I spent at La Mariposa was one of the most impactful during my participation in the program. My first few weeks in Costa Rica, hearing English was music to my ears and I would get practically giddy knowing that there were fellow Americans in my midst. However, towards the end of the program, I stopped trying to seek out fellow Americans. After all, if I wanted to only interact with English-speakers I may as well have stayed in the States. If I really wanted to make the most of my experience, I needed to put myself out of the boundaries of my contentment. Hearing Paulette's story and talking to her some of her interns, (who origins stem from around the world), showed me the importance of taking healthy risks, risks that allow you to grow, and gain experience as well as the perspective that comes with it. Instead of traveling to "help," it is more impactful to travel to "learn." Seeing the magnitude of need in Nicaragua made me realize that individual choices and hands are not enough to solve these economic, environmental, and social problems, and that the catalyst for real change is tied within a much larger political framework. We are only small part of a much larger system. And while the Earth may be incredibly vast, we are forever tied to every piece of land we have ever walked upon. Gaining a better understanding of how different people live and why they are in the situations broaden one's perspective and inspire one to support different projects and social causes. Finally, I realized the importance that human connection plays within the larger discourse of sustainability. While we may travel due to curiosity, or a desire to see and experience new things, it is the few moments that we share with people (whether a transient smile, brief conversation, or deeper relationship) that capture our hearts, change our perspectives, and makes us want to stay. The few days that I spent in Nicaragua, living with less and giving back more, were some of the most meaningful moments of my life and those memories will be forever embedded within my heart and mind.<br />
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AUTHOR: Heather Haj</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ecotourism: Responsible travel spurred out of curiosity; fosters
environmental and<br /> cultural understanding while maintaining and striving to
enhance the integrity of the<br /> biological, sociocultural elements of the locale.</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">- Heather Haj, 2014<br /></i></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBzisfPrIaJdjZy9cyUpG00cvzhrqV5Pki6wIXuF57c3ghfw0P6NlrYGCN3v3wTnMe9xvGd9hh-gZvoIW_UYPwAfSF8hyphenhyphenDQUzF4TRLs78s9IwKOOYCgKoWreMcN8Fdd1GnJ0gTwvIzF5fE/s1600/DSCF0152.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBzisfPrIaJdjZy9cyUpG00cvzhrqV5Pki6wIXuF57c3ghfw0P6NlrYGCN3v3wTnMe9xvGd9hh-gZvoIW_UYPwAfSF8hyphenhyphenDQUzF4TRLs78s9IwKOOYCgKoWreMcN8Fdd1GnJ0gTwvIzF5fE/s1600/DSCF0152.JPG" height="111" width="400" /></a><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><br />A Matter of Purpose
and Place: Culturally Appropriating Ecotourism<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Central America has endured arduous
centuries of warding off their Northern neighbors. In 1856, William Walker and
his filibusters embarked on an imperialistic attempt to enslave Central
America. Not long after, banana plantations owned by the United States, (most
notably the United Fruit Company), established roots in Central America,
ushering in the banana republic phenomenon that dictated Costa Rican policies,
culture and economic practices. However, today Costa Rica is viewed as the
jewel, or “Switzerland of Central America.” Everyday, thousands of foreigners eager
to snorkel the waters, surf the beaches and get a glimpse of Costa Rican
wildlife, are shuttled into and out of the country via the Juan SantaMaria
airport in San Jose. Many are oblivious to the statue of Juan Santamaria that
is erected in front; it is ironic that the man that was widely known for
ousting foreign invaders less than two centuries ago, now welcomes hundreds of
thousands of foreign tourists yearly. Tourism has been embraced by Costa Rica,
a country that has worked diligently to promote this segment of its economy.
While the government has positively responded by enhancing preservation efforts
within national parks systems and improving infrastructure, increasing tourism
has led to many obscure changes within the country. While it may seem innocuous
to many, tourism has affected the social and cultural thread of the nation.
Recently, tourism has replaced bananas as the country’s most significant source
of income; leaving the country with little choice but to cater to tourists and
their demands. <br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Mass,
Nature, and Ecotourism: Competing Paradigms<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is first best to be able to examine
the differences between different types of tourism. Mass tourism is the most
common form of tourism. A typical European or island vacation would fall under
mass tourism. Sightseeing, being caravanned around in a van, all-inclusive
resorts, hotels, and tour guides are all typical of mass tourism. Mass tourism,
while increasing government revenue, has few redeeming qualities for the
destination region, their people, and the natural resource base. If a
traveler books a reservation with a U.S. travel agent, flies on a U.S. carrier,
stays in a foreign owned hotel, eats in nonlocal establishments, the bulk of
these dollars do not circulate locally, and thus do not promote local
development. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 200%;">Ecotourism is inspired by the natural
history of the area, including indigenous cultures, and possesses the following
characteristics: traveling to a natural destination, minimizing impact,
building environmental awareness, providing direct financial benefits for
conservation, providing financial benefits and empowerment for local people,
respecting local culture, and supporting human rights and democratic movements. Ecotourism incorporates appreciation for nature, participation in field
projects or activities, and sensitivity to culture. Contribution is paramount
to ecotourism. Contribution of the ecotourist involves physical labor or
providing financial means aimed at benefitting the conservation of the field
site or region. This was exemplified during our visit to La Mariposa, an eco-hotel that we </span><span style="line-height: 32px;">visited which strongly encourages guests to work on one of their community projects during their stay.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Nature tourism should also not be
confused with ecotourism, as the scope of nature tourism is too broad and does
not specifically address the objectives of the ecotourist. Nature tourism is
composed of travelers who simply travel for the purpose of enjoying undeveloped
natural areas and wildlife. An ecotourist is not merely an observer, but a
shaper. The experience of the ecotourist is shaped by the impact they have on
the community. At the rudimentary level, an ecotourist travels for the
intrinsic nature of experience, not business or hedonistic pleasure. Ecotourism
directly contributes to the maintenance of species and habitats by providing revenue
to the local community. This revenue is sufficient enough for local
people to value and protect their wildlife heritage, even if only as a source
of income. Ecotourists are more willing to endure hardships to secure
experiences, whether it be the “do-it-yourself” ecotourist who is willing to
stay in a variety of accommodations, fairly mobile, and remains a relative
amount of anonymity during their stay or the research-driven ecotourist who is
staying in the same region for an extensive period of time.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Scope of Tourism in Costa Rica<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In any locale, tourism can best be
analyzed by dissecting the opportunities and constraints present within spatial
boundaries. Opportunities include rich, diverse natural environments
(coastlines, mountains, rainforests), stable governments that support tourism
development, and cultural amenities that appeal to a broad range of tourists.
The absence of one or more of these factors can pose constraints for successful
tourism; diversification of tourist activities result in regional and spatial
differentiation of tourism. For this reason, Tamarindo, a popular beach
town, attracts far more tourists than a rural town on the outskirts of the
country. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cRqE-vp6Bnw/U0KwQdisyOI/AAAAAAAABIo/s_KO1m6NKpE/s1600/DSCF0126.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cRqE-vp6Bnw/U0KwQdisyOI/AAAAAAAABIo/s_KO1m6NKpE/s1600/DSCF0126.JPG" height="320" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Costa Rica has well publicized idyllic
landscapes. In addition, the country is known for being rife with beaches
instead of violence. Safety, image and political conditions are an overriding
factor when tourists are seeking a vacation destination. Safety significantly correlates with per
capita gross domestic product and economic stability. In contrast, Costa Rica
has a penchant for pacifism; the country has had one hundred years of democracy
and fifty years without an organized military have helped to foster a stable
political and social climate that is appealing to tourists. With 230 separate
protected areas and an extensive national park system created in 1969, Costa
Rica is well positioned to continue building its ecotourism industry.<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Tourist Gaze: Tourism and Cultural
Change in Costa Rica<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Tourism is a unique and central element
in contemporary Costa Rican society, and when examining tourism, it is important
to not just focus on tourists alone but to attend to the larger context, the
intersection of tourists and locals, and the spaces these two groups
overlap. There is no doubt that the promotion of tourism in Costa Rica has led
to several desirable outcomes. Most notably, the expansion of ecotourism has
created ample opportunities for income generation and employment. In addition,
tourism supplies incentives to protect the local environment and cultures,
provided these incentives are strong enough to ward off the urge to exploit
these resources for short-term gains. Due to this, natural resource
conservation of both state-protected areas and private lands are on the rise.
However, it is crucial to understand how tourism not only induces cultural
change, but also cultural maintenance and cultural consumption. John Urry, a
British sociologist and professor at Lancaster University examines the concept
of tourism from a sociological perspective and conducted empirical research on
the convoluted relationship between the tourist and the “toured,” which Urry
calls, “The Tourist Gaze.” It is important to remember that, prior to their
arrival, tourists have been informed by the media and other influences on what
to expect in their destination. In Costa Rica for example, this may be drinking
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">agua de pipa,</i> as you are blanketed
with palm trees above you, and staring into crystal blue waters. This “tourist
gaze” sets expectations for what the tourist wants to see, and locals will play
up to these preconceived notions. In many cases we focus on the influence that
the tourist may have on the rather “hapless” citizens. However, while the
tourist gaze and subsequent behavioral practices affect local culture, it is
important to remember that “toured” people do not stand by passively. Just as
toured people are affected by tourism, they also influence it, try to shape it
to their benefit and influence the way that tourists behave. It is economically
beneficial to accommodate to tourists, and locals will try to “play up” to
these preconceived notions. Over time, the performance of what tourists expect
becomes regular to the locals, who have adjusted to living in a tourist milieu.
This is notable in the beach towns in Costa Rica. Whether you are on the
Pacific side or the Atlantic side, they all seem to have adopted the
stereotypical “surf shack” look.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Future
Objectives<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">We cannot attend to matters economic or
cultural in Costa Rica without seeing how they are linked to issues in the
United States and elsewhere. This holds true for tourism; ecotourism is not
stationary, but set within an interdependent world of diversity and differences
which vary between time and space; any type of tourism impacts the environment,
society, and cultural systems. It is important that when discussing ecotourism,
we are doing so holistically, within the larger discourse, encompassing issues
such as: environmental and habitat protection and sustainable development. Additionally,
tourism has historically been viewed as an “isolated alternative,” to other
economic sectors, while the focus of tourism typically primarily remains on the
service itself and the customers. When evaluating tourism, such as ecotourism,
it is imperative that we do not dissociate it from other economic activities;
it should instead be seen as a complementary activity. It is also worth
addressing the inherent paradox of ecotourism: at what point is it too much? In
the case of Costa Rica, how can we ensure that the continued success of
ecotourism does not result in irreparable environmental and socio-cultural
damage over time? These are both questions that I have deeply pondered during my time in the program.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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Author: Heather Haj</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-42952887365476782562014-04-05T00:00:00.000-06:002021-04-14T12:40:22.343-06:00La Catarata Ecolodge: The Role of Ecolodges Within Ecotourism<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyDl4uykM_SVrGOJsDo8V1us-JwNSjW4ZO6FCaSRqNfD28PnJIERCSJ2_ORyvbbONQk82tNDTCNpoV75OO3Sl1zsaWH2NboZ7etgvM60Xv9z-AihL4H5OnQQzrjtmiIG9f5QrVwjByoGnV/s1600/DSCF0118.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyDl4uykM_SVrGOJsDo8V1us-JwNSjW4ZO6FCaSRqNfD28PnJIERCSJ2_ORyvbbONQk82tNDTCNpoV75OO3Sl1zsaWH2NboZ7etgvM60Xv9z-AihL4H5OnQQzrjtmiIG9f5QrVwjByoGnV/s1600/DSCF0118.JPG" height="200" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Entrance to La Catarata</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times;">As students with a shared interest in environmental sustainability, it
was a great experience to stay at La Catarata Ecolodge during our time in La
Fortuna. Ecolodges are an ideal way for an environmentally conscious traveler
to comfortably travel; ecolodges encourage responsible travel through various
on-site conservation practices and by supporting local communities. In addition to promoting sustainable living and development within their site,
ecolodges also promote sustainable development within the communities they reside economically, culturally, and environmentally. La Catarata has a prime
location within La Fortuna, a reasonable distance away from the bustle of the
main road, and set underneath the spectacular backdrop of the appreciable
Arenal Volcano. The ambiance of La Catarata is rather unassuming, with an
intimate rustic, tranquil, family-style feel, very
reminiscent of what I can imagine were the simpler days in the countryside of
Costa Rica. The “family feel,” of La Catarata is not just an impression, but a
reality. As it turns out, the owner of La Catarata is the daughter of Cristina,
who actually operates a medicinal farm, (that we also visited), only a few minutes away. Without a
doubt, La Catarata is not for the tourist looking for the contrived trimmings
of a grander, luxury eco-resort, but for someone wanting a rougher, more untouched experience of what is Costa Rica in its purity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3Azvx_tWPfV-8n7wZbPNlcQGBaDH1XeshfIHyEt_CApEEQNXmi3W1SrqvzK423TB2Fy45BR5hpmy78jN2pCfxNDAkw1xAxB2ozwHHibJ4yGXDfIgBLGFdhSbTBTELRIhGyoTPJERjG1ta/s1600/DSCF0129.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3Azvx_tWPfV-8n7wZbPNlcQGBaDH1XeshfIHyEt_CApEEQNXmi3W1SrqvzK423TB2Fy45BR5hpmy78jN2pCfxNDAkw1xAxB2ozwHHibJ4yGXDfIgBLGFdhSbTBTELRIhGyoTPJERjG1ta/s1600/DSCF0129.jpg" height="200" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Entryway to a room at La Catarata. Labor and <br />
construction materials were locally sourced.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times;">For over ten years, the owners of La Catarata have been committed to the
nearby community, knowing that no true conservation can be done without taking
the local community into consideration; the key element in providing
sustainable development is through utilizing the resources found within the
local community. Using local resources promotes self-reliance not only through bolstering
the local economy, but by also eliminating the need for external outputs. Ecolodges
believe in buying local and hiring local; they promote community development
through providing local jobs, buying local food, promoting local Tico-owned
tours, and purchasing local materials for use in on-site construction. Hiring
staff from the local or outlying communities not only improves the wellbeing of
the community and environment, but also gives the establishment a more authentic
feel. In addition, providing locals with the opportunity to make an income
through working in their establishment is beneficial to local residents that
may otherwise feel the need to resort to environmentally damaging activities to
earn a living. The staff at La Catarata are all local residents and are paid
more than the local minimum wage. In addition, the ingredients used in the food
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farms and markets. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3vFPK5P2ygNT-zQs35FLz1H2OAn3E6Q9yZAIxzndTnr8ioUzXPOY0FVZp3lxxPnJS4Gobujg6kac6W4FKt2-jjHjDM7E-clpvvmaYoNz7LE1bIxWSUCFdRrvuJ-yUMzU-0qKa4vNQ1NHf/s1600/DSCN2923.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3vFPK5P2ygNT-zQs35FLz1H2OAn3E6Q9yZAIxzndTnr8ioUzXPOY0FVZp3lxxPnJS4Gobujg6kac6W4FKt2-jjHjDM7E-clpvvmaYoNz7LE1bIxWSUCFdRrvuJ-yUMzU-0qKa4vNQ1NHf/s1600/DSCN2923.JPG" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The owner of La Fortuna discussing the<br />
history and goals of La Fortuna to us in<br />
her restaurant. Behind her is a wall of brochures<br />
advertising local tours.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times;">Ecolodges promote guest exploration of the natural
area in order to promote a greater appreciation of the land and the
biodiversity that it houses. Being located within the rich and fertile volcanic
soil of the Arenal Volcano, as well as lush jungles of La Fortuna, gives La
Catarata the privilege of being a wildlife corridor for the vast array of
species endemic within the region. This gives guests the unique experience and
opportunity to explore an abundance of local Costa Rican biodiversity. Forming direct or indirect relations with local ecolodges
promotes both establishments and is helpful to guests that may have little to
no knowledge of the local region; </span>creates an alternative income stream for many that start up or work for an eco-tour establishment. In addition, La Catarata helps advertises and schedules booking for guests that want to explore some of the local attractions. The most
sought after recreational pursuits for tourists are the hanging bridges tour,
taking a boat safari on the River Penas Blancas, kayaking down Arenal Lake, and
of course, getting a closer view of the Arenal Volcano. La Catarata has a few animals
that they have rescued habituated on-site, though in rather small corridors. And of course, for the more adventurous tourist,
independent exploration is also an option!</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bins for the recycling of "paper" <br />
and "plastic," placed in the restaurant.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times;">Ecolodges strive to have as little environmental impact as possible,
both in the building and in the operating of the lodge. The design of the
ecolodge is very important; the design should flow, not compete, with natural
surroundings in order to not disturb the local species. We saw that instead of
building a fence to surround La Catarata, they planted native trees that
accomplished the same purpose, did not disrupt the local habitat, and served as
a resting area for birds. In terms of site construction, usage of wood should
be avoided as much as possible. In addition, various environmental practices
are followed onsite. In terms of energy, many lodges try to take advantage of
long-term cost savings and environmental benefits that alternative energy
sources provide. La Catarata has a solar cooker that is used to heat food.
There is also a water heater tank installed on top of one the lodges. In addition, ecolodges promote the proper handling and disposal of solid waste. Although
very minimal amounts of paper and plastic are used on site, waste is recycled
and there are large, attractive bins placed in convenient locations around the
site so that guests can partake in this initiative. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm_yj6hQBBGfYF43Cqn2lC5KlMEZEpxpEZwnOwXuRFfULrQVFeVK4Sqv4spRDSbKy10x-9U4dxOZoIzrAs1JH92lJlNGQIIlqfWX_D1ZpJN9vczg2JQCOd76kUaI8jCwqUwsIPBC5F9Jne/s1600/DSCF0125.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm_yj6hQBBGfYF43Cqn2lC5KlMEZEpxpEZwnOwXuRFfULrQVFeVK4Sqv4spRDSbKy10x-9U4dxOZoIzrAs1JH92lJlNGQIIlqfWX_D1ZpJN9vczg2JQCOd76kUaI8jCwqUwsIPBC5F9Jne/s1600/DSCF0125.JPG" height="200" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">La Catarata's vision statement.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times;">As an environmental science student, I believe in the transforming power
of education, as a</span> lack of encouraging and providing education on conservation and sustainability can cause sustainable tourism within Costa Rica to falter in future generations. Even the most rudimentary environmental education can convert an ordinary
citizen into a global citizen, one with the desire to lead a more
environmentally conscious and passionate lifestyle. Without a doubt,
environmental education, whether formal or informal, basic or thorough,
provides individuals with the knowledge and desire to make decisions that
improve lives and encourage respect for the natural world along with its
resources. Along with on-site conservation, providing environmental education
to children is another important aspect of La Catarata’s commitment to
sustainability. Over
the years, La Catarata has supported environmental education in local
elementary schools. However, La Catarata promotes environmental
education within their establishment as well. They are very open with the
tourists about the different ways that they try to operate sustainably, which can perhaps inspire guests to make more environmentally conscious decisions within their own lives. The
placement of the solar cooker within the cabinas, as well as the attractive
composting and garbage bins sparks curiousity amongst La Catarata guests who
ask about their purpose.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-93HYy-wCMjbRkFOXpg6SJqNG0b4UTYrnzjICxTZa9M5Ltp5JPWjYGD2tmanKZrQiMx5IIDwLbMEIvoccXt0de6kXcuY3E6kImQ83g6wvbqzCXPb6QWu7ucIDo7ysfiR0zENFiyZgPbpJ/s1600/DSCF0124.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-93HYy-wCMjbRkFOXpg6SJqNG0b4UTYrnzjICxTZa9M5Ltp5JPWjYGD2tmanKZrQiMx5IIDwLbMEIvoccXt0de6kXcuY3E6kImQ83g6wvbqzCXPb6QWu7ucIDo7ysfiR0zENFiyZgPbpJ/s1600/DSCF0124.JPG" height="200" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">La Catarata's mission statement to offer<br />
personalized service to people of all<br />
nationalities.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
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As a whole,
ecotourism is one of the most dynamic segments of the international travel
industry. Ecotourism not only conserves the environment but it also improves
the well-being of the local people. Ecolodges reflect some of the main
principles of ecotourism as they generate a variety of social and economic
impacts within the communities that they reside. La Catarata displayed many of
the aspects of a functioning ecolodge by: using environmentally-friendly
energy, water, and waste systems, purchasing food from local farmers, offering
a natural setting that respects that habitats that it is residing within, and
offering opportunities for open interaction within owners, guests, and the
local area. From the moment I arrived I was impressed. Modest cabinas resided
within indigenous foliage. The building materials derived from local and
recyclable components. Upon entering my room I was gently reminded to use water
responsibly. Overall, La Catarata, like similar ecolodges in its wake, strives
to ensure that every guest is left with a delightful memory of the charming
atmosphere of the lodge as well as warm hospitality and seamless service. Ecolodges
prove that you do not have to sacrifice your standards of environmental
consciousness while traveling, which is increasingly more important as the rate
of tourism is steadily rising. <span style="font-family: Times;">Being a more responsible traveler can help
ensure that Costa Rica’s rich biodiversity is preserved in perpetuity.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
AUTHOR: Heather Haj</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comLa Fortuna, Costa Rica9.256407 -83.54516129.254448 -83.5476827 9.2583659999999988 -83.5426397tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-36020857532565454362014-04-04T09:59:00.000-06:002014-04-08T14:45:29.896-06:00Ecotourism in Costa Rica and Nicaragua (TSP Paper)<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <span style="font-size: small;"> Ecotourism in Costa Rica</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> is one of the key activities of the tourism industry in the country. By the early 1990s, Costa Rica became well
known because of its start of developing ecotourism. The country is among many
developing nations that look to ecotourism as a way of cashing in on the
growing demand for this popular trend of travel. Ecotourism draws many tourists
to visit the extensive national parks and protected areas around the country.
Costa Rica was one of the first in this type of tourism, and the country is
recognized as one of the few with true ecotourism. Costa Rica has been able to gain immense
popularity for its development of a successful yet environmental friendly,
ecotourism industry. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"> Costa Rica contains
a rich biodiversity and immense ecosystem. Ecotourism in Costa Rica leads the
ranks in this category. With all the advantages Costa Rica has been receiving
because of ecotourism, they are bringing in more and more income. The protected
areas that tourists tend to go to the most bring profit not only to the workers
there, but also to the community as a whole. At first, tourism was at a slow
pace for a while because of the many conflicts and civil wars in different
locations all over the country. Once the civil wars and conflicts dwindled, tourism in Costa Rica became more prevalent and has only increased since then. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"> Costa Rica’s
location is very important when it comes to ecotourism. Some of the nation’s
success in ecotourism can come from the United States because of how close they
are. Many travelers come directly from the States and bring tourism down. It is
not too far from the States so many of the beach towns are populated by
foreigners. “American travelers make up 20% of the total world’s tourism
market”. Since Costa Rica is so close to the United States, it has been a great
spot for North Americans to visit. The climate of Costa Rica is one of the many
reasons why “49% of foreign visitors come from the United States and another 9%
of visitors come from Canada and Mexico”. This just proves that because of
Costa Rica’s location, tourism is very dominant and will always happen for many
more years to come. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"> Ecotourism brings a
great amount of money yearly to the country. This allows Costa Rica to be
ranked high on the standards of living list. Costa Rica contains high growth
rates, economic stability, and low crime rates. In the past decade or so,
ecotourism in Costa Rica has increased drastically. This allows a huge
expansion in the job market, allowing many local people to find jobs. When
locals find jobs it generates income and employment. The topic of jobs and
expanding the job market goes great with what was witnessed in Nicaragua during
our time there. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6lV0KnBuN7WOGq7miWsfJ595oiPQQjQ8TkSIO09TWKPki5MNkmUltOwCAWDY9K_KI7WUtYN9I6W5CImTMvLFOzPgLHH_0ZY-G7PYAucXfokM4FIA64UqlYEAA3u029UkQxc8wEEoAz0yp/s1600/IMAG0545.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6lV0KnBuN7WOGq7miWsfJ595oiPQQjQ8TkSIO09TWKPki5MNkmUltOwCAWDY9K_KI7WUtYN9I6W5CImTMvLFOzPgLHH_0ZY-G7PYAucXfokM4FIA64UqlYEAA3u029UkQxc8wEEoAz0yp/s1600/IMAG0545.jpg" height="320" width="181" /></a><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"> Although Nicaragua
is the second poorest country behind Haiti, it is starting to strive in the
ecotourism field. Many spots of Nicaragua haven’t been touched or used by ecotourism,
but the spots that have, are very well known and important in maintaining a
sustainable environment. Ecotourism
in Nicaragua continues to grow as tourists become more comfortable with
visiting the country. It will also improve along with the country's tourist infrastructure. A
good thing is that Nicaragua's natural areas remain fairly untouched and are
thus ideal for ecotourism in Nicaragua. New species are still being discovered
in pristine areas which gives many tourists an opportunity to spot them when on
eco-tours. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: small; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> An eco-tour in Nicaragua is well worth it. Not only will people be able
to experience nature firsthand, but they will also come across some very
unusual animal species. As tourist volume tends to be low and you are unlikely
to meet up with other tourist groups as you make your journey through the
country. This often helps to make your stay here just that much more special
and intimate.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"> It was very rough
to see how the second poorest country lives. To know that these people do not
have enough money to provide for their families on a weekly basis made me sad
and realize how fortunate I am to have what I have back home. On a good note,
the local expansion of eco tourism and the job market expanding both here in
Costa Rica and in Nicaragua when I went was great to see. Local people near the
Mariposa Study Center in La Concepcion, Nicaragua are offered several jobs to
help out with ecotourism.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1sTzzNriNn4/Uz2CGA2NuzI/AAAAAAAABD8/FOzu9xTPG28/s1600/IMAG0545.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL5JoFDjAK8a7c5vsijvCkAslvB7IzhQJxit96FJbh_F2CuVVkRt0VfbTcvPuuNzcUphe3tmSXZx4ryHG3OJIHvbHuIc_FT1LrS5fcXACt7kAeImt-dT8bLeMLtWy50cy6lHlcRbc8B8OO/s1600/IMAG0537.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL5JoFDjAK8a7c5vsijvCkAslvB7IzhQJxit96FJbh_F2CuVVkRt0VfbTcvPuuNzcUphe3tmSXZx4ryHG3OJIHvbHuIc_FT1LrS5fcXACt7kAeImt-dT8bLeMLtWy50cy6lHlcRbc8B8OO/s1600/IMAG0537.jpg" height="320" width="181" /></span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In
both the Mariposa sights, teachers and cooks were in need. In the Mariposa
Study Center it is very important to have Spanish speakers willing to teach
foreigners Spanish weekly. Another job that was needed there because of the
amount of tourists there was cooks. All the cooks there were very
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enjoyed what they were doing. Cooks, teachers, and many other jobs are opening
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">The Mariposa Study Center offers a
great getaway for travelers. It provides beautiful housing, kitchen, bathrooms,
showers, and beautiful greenery all around. The housing in the Mariposa Study
Center are beautiful cabins. The base of them is made up of many volcanic rocks
all piled together to have great support for the bottom of the cabin. On the
sides they have bamboo poles sticking straight up creating the sides of the cabin.
The poles go on all four sides of the cabin making a strong supportive system
for the side. On the roof it contains sheet metal and laid on top are tree
frawns that cover the whole roof. The whole building is made up of objects that
come directly from Nicaragua. It is very resourceful and they use less material
in order to build the cabins. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> The
Study Center also requires tourists that want to come by and stay there to take
Spanish classes and volunteer work. The Spanish classes are all one on ones with
the teacher and provide an excellent learning environment for the student.
There are different levels of Spanish the tourist can take depending on his/her
knowledge of Spanish upon arrival. The volunteer work at Mariposa consists of
many different things. The tourists can either choose between taking classes,
doing volunteer work, or both, during their stay there. They have to choose
something because they cannot just stay there without doing anything. There are
several elementary schools and places where the volunteers go to help out. It
offers them a great real life experience there in Nicaragua.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Author: Jordan Kalebaugh</span></span></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comLa Concepción, Nicaragua11.944169120030956 -86.20097671118162511.936401620030956 -86.211061711181628 11.951936620030956 -86.190891711181621tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-24832517834033256792014-04-03T13:30:00.001-06:002014-04-08T14:45:29.887-06:00Overview of Hydro-Electricity in Costa Rica (TSP Paper) Humans have been utilizing hydraulic power from rivers and streams for centuries. The Greeks and Romans began using waterwheels to grind corn in the third century B.C.E. and the Chinese had their own independent inventions by 100 B.C.E., these designs were very basic yet practical. Hydropower is a clean source of energy in that nothing needs to be burned to harness it. The hydro cycle replenishes itself, hence the reason why humans have been taking advantage of it for hundreds of years. Costa Rica is one of many countries that have a heavy dependence on hydropower, generating over eighty percent of the country’s electricity.<br />
<br />
Hydro technology has been drastically improved in the past few centuries. It wasn’t until the 1770’s that French engineer Bernard Forest de Bélidor, published research on the water turbine that would act as the foundation of modern hydro turbine development. The French were extremely proactive in engineering turbines for hydroelectric use. The San Lorenzo macro hydro-plant the class visited used two turbines designed by a French engineer. The Francis turbines at this site are capable of producing 8.5 mega watts each. Macro scale hydro projects in Costa Rica such as this one are relatively new. Large generation of electricity based on hydropower in the country did not begin until 1949, when the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE) was founded to manage electricity and telecommunications in the country.<br />
<br />
While hydroelectricity is much cleaner than burning coal, natural gas and oil for electricity, there are still some environmental impacts that are tied into its generation. One of the most apparent impacts is had on the aquatic life that thrives in rivers and streams near hydroelectric sites. In the majority of macro designs, a reservoir is constructed in order to store water for its plant. These reservoirs affect wildlife and the natural environments they are transplanted into. The dams built to hold the water stop fish from being able to navigate water systems normally. As migrations of some species are brought to a halt, some populations severely suffer. Populations down stream also suffer from loss of water as the hydro-plants alter the natural flow of the river. As some species decline in population other species that thrive in warmer slower waters can see population spikes near reservoirs. All of these factors contribute to the disruption of aquatic ecosystems.<br /><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RsdXW6gKXSA/Uz21d9Mc2KI/AAAAAAAABGE/p7wLRXXQz6s/s1600/coneG2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RsdXW6gKXSA/Uz21d9Mc2KI/AAAAAAAABGE/p7wLRXXQz6s/s1600/coneG2.jpg" height="397" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">San Lorenzo Dam</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Another sizable problem that goes along with hydroelectricity is sedimentation, this is probably the most technical problem dams face today. Sedimentation builds up in reservoirs and takes away from the amount of storage available for water. Maintenance is constantly required at large scale dams to try to prevent this problem from happening. At San Lorenzo, the staff does an annual cleaning of its reservoir to remove sediment and increase energy production. The sediment is placed outside of the river in a sort of heap. If this sediment was utilized for purposes such as agriculture it could be highly beneficial.<br /><br />
There are also doors found at the bottom of the large reservoir that are opened when the amount of sediment is clearly increasing in an effort to combat the problem. When sediment gets trapped by the dam it creates a functional problem for the hydro-plant but it also creates a problem for the river and the species that inhabit it. As the sediment stops at the dam it prevents nutrients from traveling downstream and therefore can cause nutrient deficiencies at some parts of the river. The reverse affects of this problem as that there are too many nutrients near the reservoir where the nutrients collect. The unnatural construction of hydro dams creates very unnatural problems.<br /><br />
Currently hydroelectricity is being used in 150 countries. In total, 16% of the electricity in circulation around the globe is harnessed from water(which equals 3,427 terra-watt hours). Here in Costa Rica, 82% of the total electricity in the grid comes from water. The country produces more than 90% of it’s total energy from renewable sources. Costa Rica is only going to move further with hydro electricity. Currently the largest facility in the country is the Presa Sangregado dam. The dam is on the south east shore of Lake Arenal and produces 157 megawatts hours of energy which is all sold and regulated by the ICE (Instituto Costarricense de Electridad).<br /><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha8_zBmTBxzuEZ8SqECiiFTlNm6LVTJ95ZnQDh_PnulUAb0-nltoCK3YasC9hE26sHDX5FM-HyAtFaRegJkXgIglXNqQoMxk6r-qPdc6WRkAVIYY1Ix27EbCpwXgnJAxgUYfSFmQ6tHmHA/s1600/7633358390_5914aa2f62.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha8_zBmTBxzuEZ8SqECiiFTlNm6LVTJ95ZnQDh_PnulUAb0-nltoCK3YasC9hE26sHDX5FM-HyAtFaRegJkXgIglXNqQoMxk6r-qPdc6WRkAVIYY1Ix27EbCpwXgnJAxgUYfSFmQ6tHmHA/s1600/7633358390_5914aa2f62.jpg" height="333" width="400" /></a> Costa Rica has great potential for hydro-electricity. The country has plenty of rainfall throughout the year and a landscape perfect for building dams and reservoirs. The perfection of the land is due to the steep mountains formed on the Central American isthmus and bounty of rivers with consistent waterflows and deep valleys. As a whole Costa Rica has a predicted hydro-electric energy potential of 25,400 MW. Considering the size of the country, this number is very high. Costa Rica has a total of four hydro-electric plants that are of a notable size: Presa Sagregado(largest), Cachí (three 34 MW turbines), Angostura( three 70 MW turbines), and Corobici (additional component to the Arenal Reservoir). Although these are all very large hydro projects they do not produce even close to all the hydro-electricity in Costa Rica. Many of the Hydro-electric producing facilities in Costa Rica are small or Medium scale facilities due to the medium scale needs of the country. One example of a medium scale Hydro Electric plant in Costa Rica is the San Lorenzo dam. The dam is not built on a large river and does not alter the flow as drastically as many other hydro-electric facilities do. The plant produces 17 megawatts of energy and is a great display of a Costa Rican hydro-electric plant.<br /><br />
The last type of Hydro Facility found in Costa Rica is a Micro Hydro facility. These facilities are the most environmentally friendly out of all other facilities because of their run of the river design. They produce anywhere from 5kw to 100kw of energy. An even smaller design is Pico Hydro, which is a facility that produces under 5kW of energy. The two of these designs have the purpose of powering small communities. Pico and Micro Hydro facilities are not government owned and are not built with the intention of selling the energy. Typically these types of facilities are used as a power source in remote settings that are not connected to the power grid. They can have the purpose of powering anything from a light bulb to a community with as many as 50 homes. Micro hydro-electric facilities are very simple and should be used more across the world. The design only needs a flow of 2 gallons per minute, or a drop as low as two feet for a viable power source. The design is perfect for many areas of Costa Rica and should be an implemented strategy in rural and indigenous areas.<br /><br />
Harnessing the power of water has been a practice for much of written human history. Even harnessing the mechanical power of water is nonetheless using the energy of water. Nowadays water is one of the main electrical sources of the world. Due to the growth of the hydro-electric industry it has become a large part of the global economy and is also a large part of international politics. As the industry grows knowledge of new practices and the impacts of hydro-electric facilities are spreading. The concept of Hydro-electricity is a double standard when it comes to environmental impacts(renewable energy vs. disruption of river flow). In the future we will most likely see an abundance of hydro-electric practices from pico to macro sized.<br />
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<div style="text-align: right;">
AUTHORS: Matt Richards, Blake Lecroy</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-40516148116502100332014-04-03T13:15:00.001-06:002014-04-13T10:46:22.687-06:00Ecotourism in the Mariposa Study Center (TSP Case Study)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b> </b>The Mariposa Study Center is a great spot for Ecotourism. It
is located in Nicaragua in the town of La Concepcion. The study center provides
many goods and services for tourists that want to stay there. Some of the
things they offer are: housing, food provided, volunteer work at various
locations, facilities, and Spanish classes. Providing housing for all the
travelers that come to Mariposa, the workers need to make sure they have enough
room for all of them. There are several cabins located on site that contain
many beds in each cabin. Each cabin holds up to about ten people or more.
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are very beautiful inside and out which attracts more tourists because of the
homey atmosphere. The travelers that come to see the Mariposa Study Center cant
help but appreciate the hard work and time the workers put in in order to build
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stay for travelers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">With a great touristy spot, comes great food. Mariposa Study
Center offers food three times a day; breakfast lunch and dinner all at set
times. The cooks are very friendly and inviting. They don’t speak English but
it is still fun to try and converse with them. The staff consists of women who
work there and prepare the meals daily. The kitchen in which they work is very
small but provides them with what they need. The kitchen was built years ago in
order to get the attention of tourists. Since there is food provided, travelers
that come realize this and make them want to come again. The more people that
come the more money the place makes giving the cooks an opportunity to make
money. It is a great system between the study center and the cooks because they
both receive what they want. The cooks are hard workers and deserve the money
that tourists bring in. Although the kitchen is small, they still make all
types of food to fit the needs of the tourists. The amounts of tourists that
come play a huge role in this. The more money that is brought in, the more the
cooks can get paid, and the more they can expand the kitchen. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b> </b>Another great thing about the Mariposa Study Center is that
they offer Spanish classes everyday. These classes are for tourists that stay
in the cabins. The classes can start from intermediate Spanish to advanced
Spanish depending on the Spanish level of the traveler. This gives tourists a
great chance to learn Spanish while staying at Mariposa. Having Spanish classes
offered right there gives more motivation to travelers to want to stay there.
Providing Spanish, more visitors will want to stay there because it gives them
a chance to improve their Spanish. The classes are all one on ones directly
with the teacher, no one else. One on one class is a great and easier way to
pick up the language. The teacher can put their attention on that one student.
The classes are held outside either on the chairs next to the hammocks or right
behind it where there are tables and chairs to sit on. The classes are held
everyday for a certain amount of time each day. The one on one experience
allows the student and teacher to get through learning easily. This is a great
service given to tourists by Mariposa. This is just one more tourist attraction
that helps bring in money for Mariposa by tourists. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Not only does Mariposa provide sinks, showers, and filtered
water, they provide hot water. There are two valves on the outside of the shower
near the sinks that people need to turn on to get the hot water going. Mariposa
contains two tanks on top of the bathroom roof. They have solar water heating
there which is a great renewable energy technology. These kinds of systems are
designed to deliver hot water for most of the year there. During the winter in
Mariposa, the solar heater might not provide sufficient hot water. The way the
system works is that the storage tanks are horizontally mounted above the solar
collectors on the roof. No pumping is required because the hot water naturally
rises into the tank. The heat form the sun generates enough power to heat the
water providing hot water for the showers. This is a great and sufficient way
to give off hot water. Many travelers that come to Mariposa want hot water for
their showers. The solar water heater generously gives it to them. This system
brings more tourists in because they offer cold or hot water in their showers.
Tourists also love the idea of how it is using renewable energy instead of harming
the environment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihD_rf6uAN5iD3A7T7RyXFIb_noWG3Cj-_oKawPt00dTQW6zV7IgWIYdMqehmxRX90gwA6fzkuR5GflRxYFRHXUiOXn9kKN2qFECqKDQzixDPzgdkm7uSKO-SJYobhjCHiHZflhS624LWk/s1600/IMAG0534.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihD_rf6uAN5iD3A7T7RyXFIb_noWG3Cj-_oKawPt00dTQW6zV7IgWIYdMqehmxRX90gwA6fzkuR5GflRxYFRHXUiOXn9kKN2qFECqKDQzixDPzgdkm7uSKO-SJYobhjCHiHZflhS624LWk/s1600/IMAG0534.jpg" height="320" width="181" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b> </b>Along with housing and food, Mariposa also offers volunteer
work. There are several sites close by that tourists can volunteer at. This
gives the people an opportunity to help out others in need. It is a great
experience and could be life changing for some. The experience a person can get
out of volunteering and helping out others could make a lasting impression on
the person they are helping out. Some volunteer work that Mariposa offers are
helping out at a school, whether that consists of reading to the children,
playing with them, or just helping the teachers watch them, and volunteering at
a farm. From my experience as a volunteer, helping out with kids is something
one will not forget. The kids are so happy to see you and talk to you its
amazing. A person can leave a long lasting impression on these kids and they
will always remember them. The kids will not want you to leave and will talk
nonstop. It is sad to have to say goodbye to them because you will probably not
see them again, but knowing you helped these kids out is worth it. With all the
volunteer work that is offered, Mariposa is able to attract more tourists from
all around the world, generating more income for the community.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRyBeTnDW6Q1jb7GKAxA7Slg29UeN_cGff_1PBVABC_kDvcjUHVkU7D69xv97yYQNOwdnQhMHpG9ky5utg9Pfsqf9cMRal3Edt29ZJBJl8SuqxtiEUWKFw5Avt5Mi9wg5dz88P-wc7O6AF/s1600/la-mariposa-spanish-school.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRyBeTnDW6Q1jb7GKAxA7Slg29UeN_cGff_1PBVABC_kDvcjUHVkU7D69xv97yYQNOwdnQhMHpG9ky5utg9Pfsqf9cMRal3Edt29ZJBJl8SuqxtiEUWKFw5Avt5Mi9wg5dz88P-wc7O6AF/s1600/la-mariposa-spanish-school.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The scenery of Mariposa is breathtaking. It is
very beautiful there. The way Mariposa Study Center sits on top of a cliff
overlooking parts of Nicaragua is beautiful. You can see miles in front of you
in different directions. The view is spectacular. It gives tourists an
opportunity to see parts of Nicaragua they might not get a chance to see while
being there. The sites draw tourists to come and stay there because it is great
to see, especially at night when the lights are on. People get a chance to see
Nicaragua from a higher vantage point than most places. There are hammocks that
are outside that people can sit on to look at the view. The sunset is very
beautiful as well. People have a chance to sit on chairs or lay in hammocks in order
to watch the sunset. It is a site to see that’s for sure. The beauty of the
view allows Mariposa to attract more tourists yearly. With all the services and
commodities Mariposa offers, it is no wonder why they attract so many
customers. Mariposa is a great touristy spot in a great location. The view, the
food, and the housing are some of the main reasons why
Mariposa is able to generate more income yearly. Thanks to tourists, they are
able to expand Mariposa more and more.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Author: Jordan Kalebaugh</span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comNicaragua12.865416 -85.20722899999998412.865416 -85.207228999999984 12.865416 -85.207228999999984tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-66032504816480180662014-04-03T12:12:00.001-06:002021-04-14T12:40:22.344-06:00Volunteering at the Cultural Center<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_TLx7VXxYYh4u8P74dNNTRXMbBI589FgiykVZdywdwB2-YfLJx0aEf5TF7E1KgmT0slSw6CuXi98BWydfiVv_rBCZwcgpxmqDzTfuYctRF_VQndvUXscRYHMHaATq7kqNamde0_e_6LVm/s1600/IMG_6736.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_TLx7VXxYYh4u8P74dNNTRXMbBI589FgiykVZdywdwB2-YfLJx0aEf5TF7E1KgmT0slSw6CuXi98BWydfiVv_rBCZwcgpxmqDzTfuYctRF_VQndvUXscRYHMHaATq7kqNamde0_e_6LVm/s1600/IMG_6736.jpg" height="320" width="238" /></a> About two and a half years ago a woman by the name of Karen Ocampo created the Cultural Center in the small town of Santiago, Nicaragua which is part of the larger town La Concepcion. When the program first began there was only a morning group of children. Very soon children started to roll in so an afternoon group was formed for students. The center took in every single child that wanted to be a part of it and most of them live within walking distance. The program was held every Tuesday and Thursday with the help of Karen’s sister, Isayana and very soon after it became a Monday through Friday program it is now. The children range from 4 to 11 years old. They participate in games, activities, art projects, and reading on a daily basis. In the morning there are 10 to 50 children while in the afternoon there are between 30 and 40 children.<br />
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> The government was supposed to be their main source of support but unfortunately that was not the case. Everything started very successfully until the government was not helping and then the owner of the land the program was on kicked them out. Karen was faced with the difficult decision of what to do next. Because she cared for this program vastly and felt a need to give these children a safe place to be she moved it to her small home. Around the time that she did this the creator Mariposa Spanish School in La Concepcion showed interest in the program and wanted to help in any way possible. Soon Karen was receiving volunteers, donations, and funding. One volunteer Margareta was so impacted by the children and what Karen was doing that she herself contributed greatly with donations and still does to this day. The program has been very successful when it comes to keeping children off of the streets and giving them a safe place to participate in various activities. The included art projects, crocheting, reading, and practicing English. Karen has many hopes for the future of the program including simply getting a plastic tarp to cover the outside area because during the rainy season in Nicaragua all of the children must be inside of her small house. Overall she is hoping that the program will steadily become larger and that more children will be a part of it.</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>When I first got to the center to volunteer I noticed that the house the program was run out of was extremely small for the amount of children there. I saw beautiful children all different ages coloring outside at tables. They were very welcoming to me and I felt right at home. Karen even let me hold her 2 year child for most of the time. As a volunteer I was there for 4 hours. I spent time coloring with the children and playing games outside. The children were so incredibly excited and grateful that I was there. The children were extremely vibrant, energetic, and loving. When I was coloring with them they often come up to me and ask me to draw them something like a butterfly that they would then color in. One of the best parts of volunteering was that at the end of coloring all of the children brought me pictures that they had drawn for me to take home. When they were playing the games outside they were very happy that I joined in even though it was all in Spanish. We played games such as Nicaragua duck duck goose, hide and seek, and few other games. The women who work with the children do so much throughout the day and I could tell that they were thankful to have some help.<br />
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> In addition to playing with the children I was able to observe them and how they interacted with one <br />another. Nicaragua is the second poorest country in Latin America and when I saw the children and </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; white-space: normal;">
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;">the home the program was in it showed. Dirt seemed to clutch to the children’s skin. They had </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">ripped</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; white-space: normal;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">clothing, their teeth molding, and I even noticed one little girl was eating crayons because she was so </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; white-space: normal;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">hungry but what I noticed next was beautiful. Although these children lived a far from privileged life</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">they were all so happy. They constantly had smiles on their faces and </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;">gave </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">me lots of hugs because </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; white-space: normal;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">they were so appreciative that I was there. An experience as a volunteer </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">changes your outlook on a lot <br />of things, especially what makes people happy. These children had one another and a program that</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; white-space: normal;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">was full of love and fun activities. I observed that the children acted as if </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;">they </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">were siblings with one </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">another by helping each other out when needed and always playing </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">together. When it was time for me </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">to leave all of the children ran to me and gave me hugs and hoped I </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">would </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">be back soon. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">Through </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">volunteering, especially with children, I have found</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;"> that </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">you are </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">really able to see how people<br />live differently and how much little things in our </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">life matter rather </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">then </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">consuming as much as possible and <br />having a lavish life. It teaches you never </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">to </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">take food, water, or a </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">house for granted. Lastly it </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">shows </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">that there are truly amazing people living in the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">world such as Karen who had dedicated her life</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">to this amazing center for children.</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre;">
Author: Sierra DiMartino</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comLa Concha, Nicaragua12.3646999 -85.884101999999984-18.145343599999997 -127.19269599999998 42.8747434 -44.575507999999985tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-52208888693588234172014-04-03T00:45:00.000-06:002014-04-13T10:46:33.270-06:00La Catarata: Eco-Lodge (TSP Case Study)<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOGLAHXUDPLh85qQ5uIlnqZ3DC34KJmifn4Jm3UvSCHnlP7Irl0GvEc1OWhqw9sWW83-fKTThCETL1aF_SKHIev3uFnS6RAtsL29g0WjPWWnNydlljZN0x3aYLhzFGU8hZokbefXcS8SKJ/s1600/catarata-eco-lodge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOGLAHXUDPLh85qQ5uIlnqZ3DC34KJmifn4Jm3UvSCHnlP7Irl0GvEc1OWhqw9sWW83-fKTThCETL1aF_SKHIev3uFnS6RAtsL29g0WjPWWnNydlljZN0x3aYLhzFGU8hZokbefXcS8SKJ/s1600/catarata-eco-lodge.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">The Eco Lodge has
become very popular in the past years. It has an intimate family ambiance
surrounding the whole area. With the volcano Arenal only a few miles away, this
hotel attracts many tourists from all ages and countries. This hotel brings
together comfortable living, sustainable tourism, and adventure tours. Catarata
is so close to Arenal that it offers tourists a great view right from the
hotel. What brings the most tourists here is all the nature surrounding the
hotel. It is practically within the rainforest with all sorts of animals right
next door. Along with all the animals people can see, Catarata offers many
tours all around the area of La Fortuna. In addition to other natural features,
the eco lodge is a quiet, peaceful, elegant hotel. Catarata is also engaged in
the conservation of natural resources for future generations to come. This
hotel offers tourists a stay in cabins that are very beautiful and developed.
Tourists get to stay in cabins inside the rainforest. Catarata is attracting
more and more tourists as the years pass because of everything they offer and
how close beautiful waterfalls are, the volcano Arenal, and geothermal waters
are in proximity to the hotel. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Here at this site, they offer in
house facilities that contain a mixture of comfort, relaxation, and
convenience. The entire property contains a medium sized pool with a Jacuzzi,
multiple walking trails, laundry service, a delicious restaurant, Wi-Fi
Internet access, and 24-hour security all around the place to ensure safety.
Catarata started between 22-23 years ago. It only contained two cabins with
four bedrooms. It grew and grew as years passed. Catarata was getting a lot of
attention from all over the world from tourists. To ensure tourists a place to
stay, Catarata had to develop more cabins and bedrooms to fit the necessary
amount of tourists coming each year. The Eco Lodge obtained a loan from the
Funde Company in order to make more cabins. Also the Costa Rican Agency was
able to help out Catarata with tourism that was coming at a rapid rate. The
rate that agricultural was going in the past; Catarata wanted more tourism
because it would produce more money than agricultural. The Eco Lodge decided to
put television in almost every single bedroom to attract more locals and people
from out of the country. Catarata has not raised a single rate of staying in
order to attract more tourists. They also offer many package deals to tourists.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Catarata offers a beautiful
restaurant within the middle of the Eco Lodge. It is family run business and
has very good food. The service is excellent and every one of the workers is
sweet. A couple of the workers speak English and they can be used as a
translator to the other works. All the workers are local to the area and there are
a total of 7 workers. This is the spot for tourists to eat breakfast, lunch,
and dinner. Luckily breakfast is free and is very good. Lunch and dinner you
have to pay but its well worth it. They offer a great variety of food to meet
the needs of the tourists. It is an open area and contains seating for small or
large groups. When asked, the workers said they get a lot of North American and
European tourists. This restaurant brings a great source of income for the Eco
Lodge. They use this money in order to better things already in the hotel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The restaurant provides tourists great food
and great atmosphere to mingle with their friends or meet other people that are
staying there. It attracts much tourism from all around the globe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: Arial;">The Eco Lodge
has a long list of activities for all ages that are designed to introduce
tourists to the natural beauty of La Fortuna. One of the most sought out things
to do by the tourists is to go on hanging bridges tour. These tours allow the
people to walk across bridges within the rainforest and allow them to gain
first hand insight on native plants, different species of animals, and
different types of trees that grow in the rainforest. Also they offer trips to
the popular Arenal Volcano, a boat ride on a river, a kayak trip down the
Arenal Lake, and a scenic horseback ride to the La Fortuna Waterfall. The Eco
Lodge offers way more attractions than those listed. All these tourist
attractions bring a great deal of money into the organization. Luckily with all
this wealth, the surrounding area around the lodge is becoming economically
stable for the most part. It allows the workers to earn a living while showing
the tourists a great time. All these attractions create sustainable tourism for
the Catarata Eco Lodge because they are having a lot of tourists while making a
profit for their project, and having little to no impact on the environment and
culture of La Fortuna.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Here they grow many
different species of plants around the Eco Lodge. They have been growing plants
for years now. It wasn’t very popular in the past because of the volcano crops
were destroyed and made it difficult for plants to grow. They had a hard time
making a profit out of selling their products to people around the area. The
Eco Lodge continues to grow species of plants. They are doing their best to try
and support local farms by offering assistance to them. Also Catarata workers
go to the local farmer markets to buy fruits and vegetables there. This allows
the community to grow as a whole. With money given to the farmers, this lets the
economy slowly increase and get better. The Eco Lodge has had some economic
crises during the past. If no tourists want to come to the hotel, they have no
source of income. Having a beautiful garden right inside the hotel, allows more
tourists to travel here and see some beautiful plants and learn how they
started to grow. Farming in Catarata also attracts different animals that live
within the rainforest. This allows tourists to see animals they may never get a
chance to see.</span><!--EndFragment-->
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Recycling in La Fortuna is a great economic benefit
for the society. Catarata collects and stores their recyclables in containers
near the front entrance. There are three bins to put recycle in. Once they are
full they take them to the Recycle Warehouse down the road a ways for it to be
stored. With the help of Catarata the Warehouses in San Jose and La Fortuna are
able to turn the recyclables into many useful items. One thing that is very
popular in San Jose is roofing shingles. With the help of Catarata, La Fortuna
and San Jose are able to produce roofing shingles for housing within the area.
It wasn’t always like this. Catarata started recycling in the past. It was
difficult for them to find a place to store all the trash. Luckily the
warehouse opened up next to the soccer field close by the Eco Lodge. The
workers at Catarata then decided to buy a truck for them to fill with
recyclables. The truck would go around collecting people’s recycles all around
the area. With this truck, Catarata was able to drive to San Jose and store all
the recyclable material. This was a great way to keep the environment clean and
not filled with garbage. They are making an economic profit for recycling and
turning material into useful things that can be sold to customers. Catarata
also goes around the community to do talks about recycling. One goal of theirs
is to try and motivate kids to become eco-friendly and learn how to take care
of the environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"> Author: Jordan Kalebaugh</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comCosta Rica9.7489169999999987 -83.7534279999999851.7311399999999981 -94.080576499999978 17.766694 -73.426279499999993tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-37725410074395329252014-04-02T11:00:00.000-06:002021-04-14T12:40:22.343-06:00Wind Energy in Nicaragua and the role of EOLO<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx0zea4JmsIM3sV4bjb3KtGnVLmJX41PQRtxjhFLrbfCgVohdMzTLzwa7Js2Jo4ktDAmyqqfiO_RFT-EEkmQiVcCzIkF9rClMoSdJFS2zsl9ENZXBoPvnbwGuuRU3JBxRX35R5UzBxF9ng/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-08+at+1.42.38+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx0zea4JmsIM3sV4bjb3KtGnVLmJX41PQRtxjhFLrbfCgVohdMzTLzwa7Js2Jo4ktDAmyqqfiO_RFT-EEkmQiVcCzIkF9rClMoSdJFS2zsl9ENZXBoPvnbwGuuRU3JBxRX35R5UzBxF9ng/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-08+at+1.42.38+PM.png" height="371" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">EOLO wind farm is located in the red part of the map, indicating the highest<br />
wind flow.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<u>Location of EOLO and other “Nica wind</u>”:<br />
The EOLO wind farm is located in between the West coast of Lake Nicaragua and the West coast of the Pacific Ocean in South West Nicaragua. In this location the wind comes either directly from the East or from the North East depending on the season. It is all due to the location of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone. During months such as May and June the Inter Tropical Convergence zone will be positioned directly over Nicaragua and Costa Rica causing strong winds and a lot of moisture to come from the east. The convergence zone is the dynamic line that is formed by the convergence of the South East trade winds, and the North East trade winds. The location of the convergence zone is dependent on the location of the sun above the Earths surface. One other aspect to the location of EOLO is the geography. Wind in this area may very easily travel across the Central American isthmus to the west coast of Nicaragua where Wind can very easily travel across Lake Nicaragua. Therefore the wind is much closer to the ground than in other cases. It just so happens that all of the wind energy companies in Nicaragua are located in this small area between Lake Managua, and the Pacific Ocean. EOLO claims that the wind flow where their turbines are located has a typical wind flow of 8-8.8 m/s. EOLO wants to place turbines in some low mountains directly west of their current facility due to more consistent, and stronger winds in that location.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIlB9GE7Z6X7gA7gbh2ojoWgcVrYDo7RMXYgK1V4Qm-y7-kphREnbO3yxHWtPy_Zg6lB3dOri59IgSWWMnHO0VaB7Gsb-GoYvM4CyFjw54S8V5bQIyGAY-IGzFRHRpdJzv-djPFhMWkDuj/s1600/IMG_1967.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIlB9GE7Z6X7gA7gbh2ojoWgcVrYDo7RMXYgK1V4Qm-y7-kphREnbO3yxHWtPy_Zg6lB3dOri59IgSWWMnHO0VaB7Gsb-GoYvM4CyFjw54S8V5bQIyGAY-IGzFRHRpdJzv-djPFhMWkDuj/s1600/IMG_1967.JPG" height="396" width="400" /></a></div>
<u>Design and Construction</u>:<br />
The engineering involved in any macro wind energy project will always be very complex. The model of wind turbine is known as the G90. EOLO does not take part in any design of the turbine itself, it only takes part in the planning of the locations of the turbines and the construction of them. The G90 model is made in France and shipped from there. Within EOLO’s property there are six kilometers of roads. These roads are lined with turbines each 90m in diameter (blades of the turbine are 44m). The facility has a total of 18 turbines along lake Nicaragua, and 4 turbines on the East side of the Pan American Highway. The blades of the turbines are lightweight, hollow, and made with very strong material such as fiber-glass and carbon fiber. The turbines are made to be flexible in order to bend with winds of up to 21m/s. If the wind reaches a speed higher than 21m/s the brake of the turbine will be engaged and the blades will be rotated to their most aerodynamic positions. EOLO has a total of 7.8km of circuit due to their vast property and the location of substations. The generator in the turbines produces energy with a low voltage, which is not efficient if the energy will be traveling a long distance. Low voltage is not efficient because of the loss of energy through heat. In order to prevent the loss of energy there is a transformer in the turbines, and a larger transformer in the substations. The transformers convert the energy from 630 volts, to 34000 volts, to 200,000 volts and then the energy is sent out and used by the citizens of Nicaragua.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghVgOVIJt870Ig_WTM4bvMvIZ3PkSVU1qD9jYXgjmOtdFYDSI8ynr38v1aIg0wp1gLtKbJSUfCOrcy1YwiaOwRkf2jYZng6-EaoXfIknmyLdZkhkcx1CLKoZBRyUnG8MAtQcpf3pqCve1y/s1600/IMG_1974.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghVgOVIJt870Ig_WTM4bvMvIZ3PkSVU1qD9jYXgjmOtdFYDSI8ynr38v1aIg0wp1gLtKbJSUfCOrcy1YwiaOwRkf2jYZng6-EaoXfIknmyLdZkhkcx1CLKoZBRyUnG8MAtQcpf3pqCve1y/s1600/IMG_1974.jpg" height="358" width="400" /></a><u>Energy Production</u>:<br />
The EOLO wind farm alone produces 42 megawatts of electricity. The plant has 22 turbines each with an average production of 2MW. In the area of the EOLO wind power facility there are 3 other large wind power facilities that basically function the same way as EOLO. The first other plant is called Blue Power. The site has an average production of 39.6 MW. Just north of EOLO is the production facility Alba, which produces 40MW of energy. The last wind farm in the EOLO area is called Amayo I and II, which on average produces 63 megawatts of electricity. In total the capacity for these wing energy plants is 186.6 megawatts. EOLO is 22.5% of the total wind energy in Nicaragua. The percent of Nicaraguan electricity that is from wind energy is 27%. Therefore EOLO alone is 6% of the total energy output for the whole country. The country’s energy is divided into 5 different categories: Biomass which accounts for 8.6% of the total energy, Hydro 10.8%, geothermal 14.4%, wind 26.8%, and non renewable sources 39.3%. The amount of Wind energy is only going to increase from here on out. In general renewable sources of energy are on the rise and non-renewables are having a downfall.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZEbS9qDI6zJBiqpls3-0zT6TIelU_YYswiEahi0w9xUkpIIZRFkYlXw0-DcYkcvCWwtwQOcAFJJ7oDzv9FhgPlEySmGCy7KboK9Zsd4zqNhDyXq66-8fDHxCGXNSbiJz9hwcYJB60jqRE/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-08+at+1.44.01+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZEbS9qDI6zJBiqpls3-0zT6TIelU_YYswiEahi0w9xUkpIIZRFkYlXw0-DcYkcvCWwtwQOcAFJJ7oDzv9FhgPlEySmGCy7KboK9Zsd4zqNhDyXq66-8fDHxCGXNSbiJz9hwcYJB60jqRE/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-08+at+1.44.01+PM.png" height="307" width="400" /></a><u>Energy Distribution</u>:<br />
Energy Distribution and sale is a complicated topic. The topic has to do with politics, economics, and energy readily available. All 3 of these factors are very dynamic, constantly changing. Due to Nicaragua’s strong dependence on oil for energy in the past the country experienced a sever energy crisis. Energy prices skyrocketed and the country was desperate for a new source of energy and a way to boost the economy. The country looked at renewable energy resources for an answer and immediately began planning a new system. In 2009 the first wind turbine was built. Now in 2014 27% of the country’s electricity comes from wind energy. The strategy has sparked economic growth, and a more stable supply of energy. First factor that must be functioning for electricity to be produced by turbines is of course the wind. The wind must be moving between 3 m/s and 21 m/s in order to harness energy. Next, EOLO has a capacity of 60 MW. Therefore they have a cap on the amount of energy they are able to sell. Once the electricity leaves the facility it must go through three organizations: The Ministry of Mines and Energy, CRIE, and INE. The ministry of energy and mines buys energy from energy companies, then INE monitors the quality of energy, then CRIE regulates energy going to other countries. As of now Nicaragua does not have permission to sell energy to other countries but most likely will in the near future. After these organizations the electricity goes to the consumers.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdG7aMacStWXT98fVtqDJYEM5n4zGN_ridTLSzpQHkNyRaIORL_HRDKVY-6G-3mQ_4qvXHv8GODnfl2AAbJrkDXlHIOz-IoEskUsrVvyU88CIiVGnFO8au_vz3AlMpbh8MtrxMAwso_9rN/s1600/IMG_1958.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdG7aMacStWXT98fVtqDJYEM5n4zGN_ridTLSzpQHkNyRaIORL_HRDKVY-6G-3mQ_4qvXHv8GODnfl2AAbJrkDXlHIOz-IoEskUsrVvyU88CIiVGnFO8au_vz3AlMpbh8MtrxMAwso_9rN/s1600/IMG_1958.JPG" height="307" width="400" /></a><u>Pros of wind energy (and some cons)</u>:<br />
Wind energy is a very efficient and sustainable source of energy. Out of all sources of macro energy, wind energy most likely affects the environment the least. Wind energy switches dependence on energy from nonrenewable sources (fossil fuels) to renewable sources. As a result the amount of carbon emitted into the atmosphere, and soil is decreased significantly. EOLO wind farm calculated how much carbon they prevented from releasing and the number came out to 110,054 tons of CO2 per year. This is only from the use of 22 wind turbines producing 2 MW each. The implementation also diverts support for petroleum companies, and lowers the production of petroleum. The construction of EOLO has saved 99,016 barrels of petroleum being bought per year. The use of wind energy at the EOLO plant lastly promotes development of the surrounding communities through modernization and easy access to electricity. EOLO also promotes environmental education in the area simply due to their presence in the area. The only possible cons to wind energy is the fact that sometimes they are very aesthetically unpleasing and that they are very expensive to build. A country wanting to build modern wind turbines must have the available capital to invest in the turbines. Which makes wind energy not possible in some places.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8bz9r0oYL-iSvQhBAnnIn2ryw36qCbMFjURewcnfWKVr5AvHfM_GncUVFaJI3AGG_ONDgxWLutUkoLqYsrVo3FtP9rcjhi81IYdqFeZVo_JIzn9PmmaIDgeSClzn4Tre8yTiJm2qFZJo5/s1600/IMG_1961.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8bz9r0oYL-iSvQhBAnnIn2ryw36qCbMFjURewcnfWKVr5AvHfM_GncUVFaJI3AGG_ONDgxWLutUkoLqYsrVo3FtP9rcjhi81IYdqFeZVo_JIzn9PmmaIDgeSClzn4Tre8yTiJm2qFZJo5/s1600/IMG_1961.jpg" height="387" width="400" /></a></div>
<u>Maintenance and Land use at EOLO</u>:<br />
A modern wind turbine is built to last for a total of 120,000 operating hours over it’s life span of 20 years. We are assuming that these turbines are producing energy for 66% of that 20 years. The turbines may last longer, or shorter, depending on how well and how frequent maintenance is done. Maintenance costs per year are anywhere from 1% -3% of the price of the turbine. Typical maintenance includes all turbines being expected every day, blades to be cleaned off once a year (algae may grow on the blades, causing inefficiency), turbines to be shut off when the wind conditions are inappropriate, and miscellaneous repairs. 5.5 out of 10 times that there is needed repair on a turbine the problem is electrical. Maintenance crews must fix the problem before too much money is lost. Other than equipment management EOLO must deal with land management. EOLO is located on the western beaches of lake Nicaragua and creates an environmental sanctuary that stretches kilometers along the lake shore. EOLO has an employee dedicated to making an itinerary of species on the land and noting how the environment could be changing. The land also has multiple uses, a very sustainable practice. Within the EOLO land area there is cattle ranching and rice patties. Products are sold locally by local farmers.<br />
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<div style="text-align: right;">
AUTHOR: Matt Richards</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comRivas, Nicaragua11.328046015026738 -85.71858998828122411.078883515026737 -86.041313488281219 11.577208515026738 -85.395866488281229tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-43771312104929318492014-03-28T17:23:00.000-06:002021-04-14T12:40:22.343-06:00La Granadilla: Impacts on Society and Tourists<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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La Granadilla is a rural community where a cooperation of
farmers offers tourists the opportunity to learn about their way of living in a
rural community where your normal items are not easy to access. Here in La
Granadilla people can walk down trails that lead to different farms and houses
of the farmers within the community running La Granadilla. Tourists can also
rent bikes and horses for the day as well. La Granadilla offers tours in
oxcarts as well and different choices of lodging options. The main spot where
tourists stay is in the communal house of La Grandilla, which is the main site.
This building provides bedrooms, dining tables, showers, bathrooms, and a
communal library. All the farmers running La Granadilla are all part of UCA
Tierra y Agua. This organization offers other activities like more trails and
visiting the local community of La Granadilla. UCA Tierra y Agua is a great
organization that offers social projects to the community as well. It is a
great way to get the community involved in different things. The community
farmers of La Granadilla take part in helping out with the social projects as
well. The projects help inform other people about the environment and other
things. </div>
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<br />
<br />
Since 1999 UCA Tierra y Agua and the farmers of La
Granadilla got the help of teachers from different areas of Nicaragua. They
have a program of scholarships that are offered to sons and daughters of
partners within the community. The kids receiving the scholarship are studying
secondary and college degrees. The scholarships cover about 80% of the educational
expenses like books and other materials needed for school. The people that get
offered the scholarships meet in their own community. They study subjects of
their interest and at the start and end of the year they first plan and look
ahead at the activities they want to achieve during the year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UCA Tierra y Agua also has several social
projects that try to fit the needs of every community in the surrounding area.
One of the projects was the construction of the communal houses in different
areas that did not have a place to meet, for example the communal house in La
Granadilla. The houses have been able to turn into multipurpose places. They
are used for meetings, studying, and other uses of the community. Besides the
communal houses, UCA also meets the social needs of housing facilities. They
have built houses in the communities of Miguel Castro Siles and Rommel
Carrasquilla in the region of Aguas Agrias.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQP0Uw1Gkni8EoB-soYIS1R7LHAKF2V3v60F5E5igYQ-7HSReuogK-AQTEnIYcbmwKUuegQFrFHE8gr-8gYJWi26CG_ic51VYpkQd8je7P-qASOy2sL43qcFlVXxCAYQpG7rKI0Mg91M_M/s1600/G5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQP0Uw1Gkni8EoB-soYIS1R7LHAKF2V3v60F5E5igYQ-7HSReuogK-AQTEnIYcbmwKUuegQFrFHE8gr-8gYJWi26CG_ic51VYpkQd8je7P-qASOy2sL43qcFlVXxCAYQpG7rKI0Mg91M_M/s1600/G5.jpg" height="400" width="225" /></a>Tourism is very important to the community center. It is
needed for them to generate a source of income. In La Granadilla, they
designated a specific building right in the middle of the place to have
meetings for tourists. In the next year Granadilla wants to get tourists
approval in order to take tourists different places. In the early 90’s meetings
with tourists happened under the big tree near the entrance of the place. This
spot was not good for holding meetings. Although it provided shade, it did not
provide any cover when it rained. That is when they needed to build the big
building in the middle of the place to hold meetings. The same Spanish
organization UCA Agua provided La Granadilla with funding. They received money
from the organization, but it was the people in the community that did the
labor. It was finally built in 2000 with the help of 25 members. Five members
each day rotated to finish the construction of the building. By 2002 the
building was finally set up for tourists. The first tourist group that came to
La Granadilla was going to stay at another place, but there was room provided
there for them. It was a group of 16 people, which was the first and largest
group they have ever had. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
La Granadilla is a small community center for tourists. It
is located in Granadilla, Nicaragua. It started in 1981 and has been growing
ever since. It consists of 17 different families in the surrounding area. Out
of the original 12 members that founded La Grandilla, only one is alive today.
The 12 original members had to work together in order to gain land in the first
place. The land would have not been given to them if they were not working
together. The government distributed land to them to get the project started.
The main objective in the beginning of the community center was to use the land
that was provided to them by the government. They used it for beans, rice,
corn, and cattle ranching. With the amount of tourists coming in each year, La
Granadilla has gained more money. With the money they have gained, they have
been able to afford new things and expand their community center. The social
aspect of this community center is very important. Without the help of the
other people running this, the land may have never been given to them in the
first place. Them working together is
key to their success in this business.<br />
<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB-QJv2EO3U6j0vWIYCWYNx4NS6xCHzIPuTKZ19NXRPY5TnYRQyGve-0t-HAOXnlgMo-3yrsgY2cHifgt9hZrTC390s-JIu6PlsNZCsvomDtZC9zrYSUg14NuQDFVneQPw1kvBcKXfWm1m/s1600/G2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB-QJv2EO3U6j0vWIYCWYNx4NS6xCHzIPuTKZ19NXRPY5TnYRQyGve-0t-HAOXnlgMo-3yrsgY2cHifgt9hZrTC390s-JIu6PlsNZCsvomDtZC9zrYSUg14NuQDFVneQPw1kvBcKXfWm1m/s1600/G2.jpg" height="226" width="400" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5220966733937795919" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
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" 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" 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<br />
<br />
In the years of 1988-89 La Granadilla received no funding
for micro financing. When the funds stopped from the local government, the only
funding that remained for them was from Spain. Before the funding started, a
single Non Government Organization foreigner came from Spain to visit the
community center. He liked what he saw and made sure the NGO would finance and
support them. By the end of 1994, the Spanish NGO got less motivated in
supporting La Granadilla. The NGO was not supplying as much funding as it
started. In 1994-97 only 7 people out of the 17 had support from the NGO. While
this was all happening with the Spanish NGO, between the years of 1990-94 each
family was given a cow and farming machinery. This helped the families a lot
because it provided them with a source of food and milk. Making sure to work
together was very important for the groups of people. This is how they were
able to find another NGO that helped finance them. The name of the NGO was UCA
Agua. With the help of this other organization, La Granadilla was able to
benefit from it. It helped finance them for several years.</div>
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Author: Jordan Kalebaugh</div>
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During our condensed semester in Costa Rica, my peers and I
had the pleasure of visiting Alberto Brenes Biological Reserve (RBAMB). The
reserve is part of the Central Volcanic Mountain Range Conservation Area and is
nestled deep within the highlands surrounding San Ramon. Alberto Brenes was
first established in 1975 as a forest reserve. In the 1980’s, it was lowered to
a protected zone, making it vulnerable to the extraction of resources,
primarily mining and logging. Recognizing the irreplaceable worth of the area,
the University of Costa Rica lobbied to raise the status of the area to a
biological reserve, the highest status of protection possible. Two years later,
in 1993, Alberto Brenes was established as a biological reserve by executive
order in order to protect and conserve biodiversity around the canton of San
Ramon in Alajuela. This limits the region to research, conservation and
education, excluding tourism and its potentially adverse effects. It is primarily
managed and funded by the University of Costa Rica and the Ministry of
Environment and Energy (MINAE), with the additional support of SINAC.<br />
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The continued success of Alberto Brenes as a biological
reserve cannot be trivialized. Though the establishment of a site as a
biological reserve is a great feat in and of itself, it does not ultimately
envisage future success; the success or failure of a protected area ultimately
depends on the extent to which ecological processes that support biodiversity
can be sustained. This requires careful design and adequate implementation. As my
peers and I witnessed, Alberto Brenes utilizes wise use of natural and human
resources, both by capitalizing on the resources contained within its
boundaries and by serving as a learning site for students to explore and
demonstrating approaches to conservation and sustainable development to
students. One example within the reserve is deploying the abundant rivers
within RBAMB to generate hydroelectric power. 47%, (7600 Ha) of the upper basin
of the San Lorenzo River is located inside RBAMB. A turbine in the nearby San
Lorencito River is used to generate hydroelectricity to power the reserve
station. In addition, continued success of a reserve is also aided by long-term
commitment from international and national research institutions with
conservation priorities that parallel that of the reserve. I was told that at
the moment, funding for the reserve is challenging, as it requires visiting and
requesting aid from different departments within the University of Costa Rica. The
reserve is currently working on establishing an official budget that will stand
for each year.<br />
<br />
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While only 7800 hectares, Alberto Brenes is highly representative
of the rich diversity of Costa Rica.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Alberto Brenes is characterized by a rugged mountain system; altitudes
ranging from 600m to 1700m enable a wide diversity of organisms suited to different
climates to reside within the reserve. Temperatures are moderate, staying
around 21 degrees Celsius, and an average rainfall of 138 inches. This warrants
80% of the park as premontane, 10% as low montane and another small fraction as
very humid montane. As a natural laboratory, dozens of flora and fauna have
been discovered within the reserve, as well as a new family and several novel
genera of plants. While at the reserve, we learned some of the plant taxonomy
of flowering plants and we were exposed to a wide variety of reptiles,
amphibians, and arthropods. Insects and arachnids were our omnipresent guests,
both outside as well as inside the station! We learned that in order to promote
genetic diversity and species richness, it is important that a reserve does not
stand in isolation, but has a buffer zone of protected area around it. Currently the persistence of migratory species relies on them surviving a portion of their migratory cycle in forest fragments outside of the protected zones. The
University is working on trying to establish surrounding areas as protected
zones in order to sustain migration and limit populations from being stranded in isolates where they would encounter the adverse synergisms of habitat degradation, poaching and resource exploitation. Despite the benefits of reserve expansion, overcoming the sociopolitical, financial, and institutional constraints necessary to establishing buffer zones is a challenge in itself.<br /><br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigOxR3g2VDgazqIigjURGai0LRTLRbyXXXVv20xfndn1qkdi-BDt0WG-iVDYlpsD_RVVngh7TdPAULBoIuylB4t7Z50BqFoc9ToCcXj4_NkWCAvdXGe4c8OgcBd3b7cWJXWCzanmx0TlGu/s1600/DSCN2942.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigOxR3g2VDgazqIigjURGai0LRTLRbyXXXVv20xfndn1qkdi-BDt0WG-iVDYlpsD_RVVngh7TdPAULBoIuylB4t7Z50BqFoc9ToCcXj4_NkWCAvdXGe4c8OgcBd3b7cWJXWCzanmx0TlGu/s1600/DSCN2942.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a><br />
The successful implementation and continued success of
Alberto Brenes must be ascribed to the persistent dedication of a small group of
passionate individuals who, despite insurmountable odds, work tirelessly
on behalf of the reserve, raising funds, negotiating legal work, establishing a physical presence within the park and garnering local and national
support. During the evening, we were given a presentation on the reserve and shown photos of previous student groups from decades past. While looking at a vintage photo of the first group of students that ever visited the park in 1979, it suddenly became apparent at just how quickly technology and the world around us is changing. As somebody that appreciates nature, it makes me anxious to think that our environment is changing just as quickly and we are restricted in our ability to halt the degredation. However, before our departure from the reserve, we also posed for a group photo. It was at that moment that I became hopeful. Because even though we were smiling into a DSLR lens camera that would fully capture our unkempt states with full precision, I realized that just like the first group of students in 1979, we are students with similar interests leaving with incredible memories, insight and inspiration. Hopefully decades from now, future students
will garner these same feelings when looking at our photo.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
AUTHOR: Heather Haj</div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Unknownnoreply@blogger.comSan Ramon, Costa Rica10.0869889 -84.47000830000001810.0557229 -84.510348800000017 10.1182549 -84.429667800000018tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-4545736794368321772014-03-19T13:00:00.000-06:002021-04-14T12:40:22.340-06:00Organic Bird Friendly Coffee Farm<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_8va0H3vBECshfP8VKK0yPsWIZc5dH3ZqOr4oeFYJY90x1c3Q1mi1tgvuSycQ1NNtS8qQ3NFaBwvVM1zUsXjWSotan3fbKHFiyC2BPMy1Phs01G2llSDp9MyzWzdAm_76lI1VNJbYzIOK/s1600/photo+copy+5.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_8va0H3vBECshfP8VKK0yPsWIZc5dH3ZqOr4oeFYJY90x1c3Q1mi1tgvuSycQ1NNtS8qQ3NFaBwvVM1zUsXjWSotan3fbKHFiyC2BPMy1Phs01G2llSDp9MyzWzdAm_76lI1VNJbYzIOK/s1600/photo+copy+5.JPG" height="397" width="400" /></a></div>
ORGANIC CERTIFICATION: This week I visited an organic coffee farm on the outskirt of San Ramon. The farm is owned by Patricia, someone who cares about nothing more than growing quality café. Her three acre plot of land has had to jump through a few hoops before receiving the organic status, more hoops than one might think. To get organic accreditation, an agency must visit the farm and make sure everything is up to par, in Patricia's case, the agency was Ecologica. They make sure that there are absolutely no chemical inputs going into the production of this coffee, from the pesticides to the fertilizer. Patricia explained that this can be challenging because it intensifies manual labor by a shocking amount. One small example she gave me was in regard to the weeds that grow on the property. While most conventional farms would use herbicides, she uses a weed eater. There are many little differences such as this one that increase the workload. As if this added labor isn’t enough there is another large aspect maintaining organic certification. Patricia has to keep books of absolutely every single thing she does on a day to day basis for Ecologica to be able to see. These books include keeping all the receipts of the products she uses on the farm so she has a verifiable audit trail. This ensures that everything she uses n the farm is 100% organic. The cherry on top of this organic certification is that it cost around $1,200 every year for Ecologica to visit the property and see that all is natural. It makes you wonder why anyone would go through all the trouble of being organic when there are so many obstacles and check points.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj37B0bt00B5tQoMYsT3r7_RH-8gT_473ObJavCe0qeO_66atALHl6p2h_Wj6quCn12H4niMUg0cOngIUkuDwxBzpzkacTlYG8LcW4fhfktb2qIkxU6_G2wmNeit2WQjdA4roxsSvwQGqPY/s1600/photo+copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj37B0bt00B5tQoMYsT3r7_RH-8gT_473ObJavCe0qeO_66atALHl6p2h_Wj6quCn12H4niMUg0cOngIUkuDwxBzpzkacTlYG8LcW4fhfktb2qIkxU6_G2wmNeit2WQjdA4roxsSvwQGqPY/s1600/photo+copy.JPG" height="391" width="400" /></a><br />
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ORGANIC FERTILIZER: Located on the western edge of the farm is a chicken coop. This is where the 100% organic fertilizer is made. The three different types of animals responsible for its production are chickens, cows, and one horse. Patricia told me that when using organic fertilizer it is necessary to constantly check the temperature. If the pile is too dry she just adds water. When the pile is too wet she adds more dry materials. Ingredients of the fertilizer include vegetable matter, trimmed branches and other cuttings, rice hulls, shredded sugar cane, and all left over food peelings. Those ingredients mixed with the animal waste make for a healthy fertilizer that Patricia's coffee plants just can’t get enough of. Fertilizer is a mixture of carbon, nitrogen and green materials. Getting the right combination of all three is similar to getting a cooking recipe right. When all come together correctly heat is released and organic material begins to get broken down. Throughout the process of fertilizer being made there are different stages that include different organisms, these organisms are responsible for breaking down the organic material. Another large aspect in the creation of the fertilizer is oxygen. Too much moister is bad so the fertilizer needs to be aired out from time to time. Understanding how the fertilizer is made truly puts the effort organic farmers exemplify into perspective. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge2g4VrAEEZbVjZ0k3JZC6TesIbDztEH-iXezaxNLNU5yt2MLiHoi4hf8YC1g1EWJXij_NsSVaLOQavmFy85yTNbXYTzaPoUrWbcJpvZjcf-AUoBiDKd-WDp8L8AznAA86uHlHp9KrPjAH/s1600/photo+copy+4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge2g4VrAEEZbVjZ0k3JZC6TesIbDztEH-iXezaxNLNU5yt2MLiHoi4hf8YC1g1EWJXij_NsSVaLOQavmFy85yTNbXYTzaPoUrWbcJpvZjcf-AUoBiDKd-WDp8L8AznAA86uHlHp9KrPjAH/s1600/photo+copy+4.JPG" height="397" width="400" /></a></div>
BIRD FRIENDLY: This is the very first bird friendly coffee farm in Costa Rica located on the outskirts of San Ramon. The Smithsonian approved agency that gave the farm its bird friendly title is Ecologica, the same agency that gave them their organic coffee farm certification. Coffee grown in shade of tree canopies, rather than on land cleared of vegetation, allows a number of species of birds to thrive in the area. Baltimore Orioles are among the migratory birds in the area. The shade in the farm offers food and shelter for the different species of birds. With the amount of birds living in the area, it provides a great breeding spot as well. The farm meets the basic requirements for successful breeding: plenty of places to build nests, nests that are safe from predators, and plenty of foraging areas. The field maintenance is very important to the success or failure for nesting birds. The birds are often seen foraging on the grass and trees in the shaded canopies around the farm. This farm does not use any pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and herbicides, which is great for the birds because it does not harm them in anyway. In addition to birds, shaded coffee plantations offer habitat for orchids, insects, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCW26bzT3srEsEy7XryG3y_WfaY3jm1OoghhyphenhyphenLPzQMDmiEB-mwx8ux4PbtiWdSMzgcR24OR8TwdBqWckQC5EEgSsLHrc5_jiTXLPpmOCPj10xAAjBtHQFavoIVBCB1uWPBgiYqWf4hFl56/s1600/photo+copy+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCW26bzT3srEsEy7XryG3y_WfaY3jm1OoghhyphenhyphenLPzQMDmiEB-mwx8ux4PbtiWdSMzgcR24OR8TwdBqWckQC5EEgSsLHrc5_jiTXLPpmOCPj10xAAjBtHQFavoIVBCB1uWPBgiYqWf4hFl56/s1600/photo+copy+2.JPG" height="400" width="400" /></a></div>
BIRD FRIENDLY TREES: Trees are the main component of a farm being bird friendly certified. There are two different types of shade that make up the cool conditions birds and coffee plants thrive in. The first is rustic shade, which is shade that consists of natural forest species. Patricia explained to me that she had to plant a variety of native trees in her farm to gain bird friendly status. This is a traditional polyculture in that there are many different species of trees with different ages and heights growing amongst each other. Planted shade is the other type; it usually consists of a backbone of shade produced by a certain species of tree. In Patricia's case this is the poro tree, which provides year round shade and is a nitrogen-fixing legume. Another requirement of bird friendly farms regarding trees is a strict policy on the number of species in a certain area. First there has to be trees that meet a certain height requirement and secondly there needs to be at least 10 different species of trees planted within 50 meters of those that meet the height requirement. Patricia's bird friendly certification is another example of her going out of her way and creating more work for herself in order to better the environment. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL3U7ov5nPjkYABPFQub-yN-Df37BRxch7GS4kaoy4kEQ_IP1isIAJUaj0Lp802q9bsiyVJoJpr1VEDoVf8f6KwZJQcEuzEqNZjUJ_thxxCKjPEhPJAfNSeaU5kX6HEs3NKuEzCH6x08er/s1600/photo+copy+3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL3U7ov5nPjkYABPFQub-yN-Df37BRxch7GS4kaoy4kEQ_IP1isIAJUaj0Lp802q9bsiyVJoJpr1VEDoVf8f6KwZJQcEuzEqNZjUJ_thxxCKjPEhPJAfNSeaU5kX6HEs3NKuEzCH6x08er/s1600/photo+copy+3.JPG" height="396" width="400" /></a></div>
ORGANIC BUSINESS: It is difficult for a small organic coffee farm to compete in the farming industry to make money. By being a small organic coffee farm it does not bring much money in for the farmer and there is little help from the Costa Rican government. With more sunlight larger farms are able to grow more plants. The coffee in the larger sunlit farms grows in mass quantities but the quality of it is not as good as small organic shade-grown coffee. Larger conventional farms use lots of fertilizers to produce more crops. The chemical fertilizer damages the soil, and the only way to continue growing coffee is to buy and use more fertilizer. When big conventional farms continue to use fertilizer, the companies that sell fertilizer get more business. The reason why conventional farms use chemical herbicide is because it is faster for their crops. In this small organic coffee farm, Patricia has to hire workers in order to harvest and care for the coffee. This takes away money that she receives from selling it. Patricia is the type of owner who doesn’t care too much about the money, but cares about helping out others and with her love for nature. She has not been able to make a profit from her farm because it is hard to compete, so she continues to grow her coffee because she loves what she does. <br />
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LAND WORTH: Patricia’s neighbor had recently sold their land. They found out it was the most economically sound idea to sell the farm. They were not making a profit from the product they were selling. Patricia is having thoughts about doing the same thing with her farm. She has some mixed feelings about it and doesn’t really know what to do right now. She wants to keep the farm organic, but thinks that a developer will just buy it and not keep it organic. Patricia thinks this might be the best idea because she is struggling with keeping the farm running. It is very difficult for her and she wants to keep the farm more than anything. Her plan is to sell it as soon as she can so she doesn’t have to worry about it anymore. The biggest thing she wants is to keep it organic, but she really thinks that’s not possible at all. It will be sad for her to see it go because it has been in her family for many years, but she knows its for the best and will help her out in the long run. </div>
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AUTHORS: Blake LeCroy & Jordan Kalebaugh</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comSan Ramon, Costa Rica10.0869889 -84.47000830000001810.0557229 -84.510348800000017 10.1182549 -84.429667800000018tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-58347577902108472492014-03-19T10:00:00.000-06:002021-04-14T12:40:22.344-06:00Arenal Hanging Bridges: Ecotourism in Relation to Conservation and Environmental Education <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAlgTE3ZiNP3-ut6EJMEiK-Hkm_U5yhuPX6KUmL6etImLbkx2TWN-EgwLkI5B-x9GEW7SkBSJCPKVGtf_QHqOZJAS-5abyojhYeycQxFnFeeOvDx1Usyn6zq3ZauR0ulhtEK4Pn6JKYsMY/s1600/bridge.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAlgTE3ZiNP3-ut6EJMEiK-Hkm_U5yhuPX6KUmL6etImLbkx2TWN-EgwLkI5B-x9GEW7SkBSJCPKVGtf_QHqOZJAS-5abyojhYeycQxFnFeeOvDx1Usyn6zq3ZauR0ulhtEK4Pn6JKYsMY/s1600/bridge.JPG" height="398" width="400" /></a></div>
<u><b>Ecotourism in Relation to Environmental Education: </b></u><br />
Just outside the small town of La Fortuna, tourists from all over the globe have been flocking to the Arenal Hanging Bridges. On this 440 hectare plot of property around 230 hectares are protected and actively conserved, the remaining land is used for small-scale cattle farming and agricultural purposes. Twelve years ago the bridges were completed and Arenal opened its gates to the public, allowing people to get a truly surreal glimpse into one of Costa Rica’s many tropical edens. Eco Tourism is a vital component of environmental education and its popularity has been rapidly growing for the past few decades. As visitors fill this trail riddled with the 12 hanging bridges they are soaking in the true beauty of their surroundings and learning every step of the way by experiencing all that the rainforest has to offer. Whether they are seeing howler monkeys transverse the canopy or leaf cutter ants march over their feet, the connection with nature at Arenal is very real and educational.<br />
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“Environmental education is one of the five criteria that must be fulfilled in order to perform ecotourism and is the key step towards the process of understanding the natural ecosystems and our role in them,” there are a variety of tours offered at this site designed to do just that (Arsenijevic and Bohanec). In particular, the Natural History Walk Tour, which focuses on all aspects of life in this particular ecosystem. The tour is guided by an expert naturalist capable of sharing their wealth of knowledge pertaining to the rich biodiversity of the area. That includes information on the flora and fauna as well as diverse collection of species such as different types of insects, reptiles, mammals and birds. A study done by the International Ecotourism Society in 2013, included statistics recorded by travel agents in regards to international transport. Costa Rica was reported to be the most popular destination by international travelers, with 49% of all international eco-tourists heading to this rich coast. This high percentage of ecotourism means that Costa Rica is doing a fantastic job educating people on the importance of human impact on the environment. The hanging bridges do their part by offering up unforgettable experiences and a straw to tap into the fountain of information that makes up the tropical rainforest.<br />
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<b><u>Eco Tourism Revenue – Profits and Costs of Conservation: </u></b></div>
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Ecotourism became a globally known term in the 1990’s as travelers started becoming more aware of their impacts on the environment. For the past twenty years, the largest environmental corporations on Earth have been paying close attention to environmental management and ways they can evolve into more sustainable companies. The hanging bridges at Arenal practice an extremely savvy business model in terms of overhead vs. profits. The property has been owned by the same family for over eighty years so the only overhead costs would come in the form of labor, conservation, and supplies needed for the restaurant located on the premises. </div>
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The prices for entrance into the park are as follows: Adults- $24, Seniors- $19, and Students $14. There are two special tours offered at the park: The Natural History Tour which costs a minimum of $26 for students and the Early Bird Watching Tour which costs a minimum of $37 for students. Prices for adults and seniors are higher. With tens of thousands of visitors coming to the park each year profits are definitely being made. This is truly a win-win for all; the environment is being conserved, tourists are being immersed in nature, and the business is making a profit. </div>
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<u><b>Conservation Efforts:</b></u></div>
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Hanging bridges conservation area is a substantial example of conservation within Costa Rica. The park is located just to the North West of Volcán Arenal. The land has been under ownership for the past 85 years and has been a tourist destination for the past 15 or so. Twelve years ago a 2 mile trail was constructed in a loop through the park. The trail (seen in the picture to the right) has a concrete grid to keep all the soil in its place. These concrete grids have prevented erosion over the past 12 years. Erosion on trails can be a very significant problem. It starts with erosion from hikers walking over the same area repeatedly. This creates a small trench in the middle of the trail. Water then flows through this small trench to begin a negative feedback loop. As water flows, the trench gets wider and deeper, allowing more water to flow through this small trench. The process is repeated and the ecosystem is changed. <br />
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Two hundred forty hectares of the park are strictly protected. The park has overnight guards that prevent poachers from coming anywhere near the area. The owners of Hanging Bridges often hire biologists to take an inventory of species in the park. The biologists recommend new conservation strategies to the park and the employees do what they can to facilitate these strategies. Another aspect to the conservation within Hanging Bridges are the bridges themselves. Much of the path, especially through the richest areas of the park, is on a bridge. The bridges prevent disturbance of the sensitive forest floor by keeping hikers high above the ground and sometimes above the canopy. The protected area of Hanging Bridges is only 60% of the total land area. The other 40% is used as farmland and residential area for the family that owns the land. Although Hanging Bridges Park is a beautiful spectacle it is far from a flawless example of conservation. The park needs to be much larger and human presence needs to be lower. The owners are doing what they can, but it is more of an ecotourism destination rather than conservation.</div>
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<u><b>Ants in an Ecosystem:</b></u></div>
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Ants are a very important part to any ecosystem. They are the most abundant species within a rainforest ecosystem. The biomass, or combined weight, of ants within a rainforest ecosystem is higher than that of a group of any other species. There are 3 common types of ant: Leaf-Cutter Ants (seen in picture), Army Ants, and Bullet Ants. Leaf-cutter ants are known to be the farmers of the ant world. Leaf-Cutter Ants make organized highways to transport pieces of leaves to their nest. Within the nest they use the pieces of leaves to grow a fungus which they feed on. There are a few different types of leaf cutters: 1. Minims: The smallest workers of the colony. Their job is to tend to the growing fungus within the nest, 2. Minors: The first line of defense. They patrol the surrounding area of the nest. 3.Mediae: Generalized foragers. They cut leaves and bring the pieces back to the nest. and 4.Majors: The largest workers. Move large items and defend the nest.</div>
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After Leaf-Cutter ants come Army Ants. Army Ants are very aggressive and savage. Army Ants march throughout the day and eat anything in their path. There are three types: workers, males, and the queen. Workers are typically sterile females that are in charge of attacking and hunting. Males are meant for breeding with the queen so she can do her job, lay eggs. The most dangerous type of ant to humans is known as the Bullet Ant. In some places in Central and South America the Bullet Ant is known as “Hormiga Veinticuatro” because of it’s painful sting that lasts around 24 hours. A colony of Bullet Ants nests at the base of a tree. The colony will depend of that tree for food. Ants climb up the tree in search of nectar and small insects for food. Ants are an important and large part to any rainforest ecosystem. They are food for several species and aid in the decomposition. The loss of ants within an ecosystem could have astounding negative impacts.</div>
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<b><u>Components of the Rainforest:</u></b></div>
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The Rainforest is a very lush ecosystem consisting of as many as 15 million species. All of these species work together as a community. Hanging Bridges park is a great example of a functioning community. The components of a community include producers, primary consumers, and secondary consumers. Thanks to the conservation of Hanging Bridges Park I was able to observe how these biotic factors work together. The first component of the rainforest are the producers. Producers of the rainforest harness the energy of the sun and convert it to useful energy. Trees, shrubs, and epiphytes are all producers. These plants use photosynthesis to convert sunlight into glucose for energy. Next are the Consumers. Consumers cannot make their own food; therefore they eat other living things to gain energy. The word “Consumers” is separated into primary consumers and secondary consumers. Primary consumers are animals that eat producers. Secondary consumers are those that eat primary consumers for energy. Some are top predators such as snakes, jaguars, and lions. Last are the decomposers. Decomposers are the most important type of species because of their ability to process organic matter. The decomposers of the rainforest are the fastest working out of any ecosystem. They include termites, earthworms and fungi. Outside of all these biotic factors, abiotic factors are hard at work recycling nutrients and critical elements. Examples of these abiotic factors include the water cycle, nutrient cycle, pollination, filtration, and others. These processes are vital to all life.</div>
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<u><b>Educational Advantages Specific to Suspension Bridges: </b></u><br />
While we were on our hike through the rainforest the suspension bridges allowed us a peak into the dense vegetation that we could not have gotten otherwise. The hanging bridges provide a truly unique learning experience, giving visitors a 360-degree birds-eye view. There are four layers that make up a rainforest: forest floor, understory, canopy layer, and the emergent layer. The trail covers all four layers from bottom to top. Little grows on the forest floor as it receives two percent of the total sunlight. There is a thin layer of leaves, branches, seeds and other organic material on the forest floor that quickly get decomposed. The understory is still very dark; small trees and leafy plants that can tolerate low light grow in this layer. The canopy layer is home to 90% of life in the rainforest because most organisms are seeking sunlight. Located 60-90 feet above ground, many plants are found here. We observed a variety of epiphytes in this layer. Epiphytes grow along the outer layer of trees in order to hitch a ride to the sunlight, but they are not parasites. The emergent layer is home to the largest trees in the rainforest. These trees are exposed to the greatest amount of sunlight, highest temperatures, low humidity, and the strongest winds. Without the aid of the bridges scientists and students like ourselves would not be able to get such in depth looks at the rainforest in Arenal. </div>
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AUTHORS: Matt Richards, Blake LeCroy</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comLa Fortuna, Costa Rica10.487896278816212 -84.752912521362310.483992778816212 -84.7579550213623 10.491799778816212 -84.7478700213623tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-31564274538696511342014-03-09T09:00:00.000-06:002014-04-13T10:47:13.623-06:00Micro Hydro at Alberto Brenes Reserve: Energy, Environment, & Design (TSP Case Study)<b><u>No Reservoir: </u></b><br />
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The impacts of a micro hydroelectric plant on the environment are much lesser than those of a macro project. One of the most apparent differences is the absence of a reservoir in most micro designs. We visited Alberto Brenes Biological Reserve a couple weeks ago and were able to take a good look at the micro hydro plant that powers their station. There was no reservoir present as a typical micro design was applied in the construction of this project. Much less flow is taken away from the river because of the absent reservoir.<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Instead of depending on a concentrated source of flow by storage of water the micro plant at Alberto Brenes depends on a pipe that was installed at the edge of the river. A small barrier was constructed to concentrate flow but not stop it. The artificial barrier acts as a funnel, directing a minuscule portion of the flowing water from the river into the pipe that leads to the plants turbine. This design also allows for sediment to keep flowing through the river naturally, providing nutrients to the different walks of life that thrive on it. The minor alteration of river flow is nothing in comparison to macro projects.<br />
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<b><u>Impacts on Wildlife:</u></b><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Micro hydro projects do a fantastic job at preserving plant, fish, and animal communities. Most designs, including the one at Alberto Brenes, require minimal alteration to the natural environment and therefore hardly alter the rivers they are found in. It is more common for the turbines used in macro designs to injure or kill aquatic life as creatures get caught in the blades. This problem is almost nonexistent when it comes to micro-hydroelectricity. The only incident recorded at the Albert Brenes plant regarding wildlife being harmed was when a baby coati accidentally got sucked into the intake pipe and made it all the way to the turbine. This was a very unfortunate event but very minimal in terms of impact, especially when compared to other projects. <br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Wildlife is also dramatically affected by reservoirs because as sediment collects the nutrients allow for a wealth of growth. As algae and other plant life begin to flourish they create unnatural competition for different plants an animals. Ecosystems remain far more balanced in the presence of micro hydro plants, as they do not have to suffer from these large surpluses of nutrients. Other than an increase of sediments and nutrients, macro plants introduce far more chemicals into the water that are necessary for the involved machinery. Animals that depend on the rivers located past these hydro plants can suffer from these chemicals. Micro projects have a much lesser impact in general.<br />
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<b><u>Impacts on River:</u></b><br />
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hydroelectricity takes a toll on the rivers and streams where hydro projects are located. Fish face drastic changes in their ecosystems when rivers dry up at certain spots, which is common when dealing with hydroelectricity. This problem is also much more relevant when talking about macro projects opposed to micro. It is more common with macro projects because reservoirs hold more stagnant water that is more easily evaporated, so when the flow is taken away the water has a chance to heat. The Albert Brenes Biological Reserve does its best to have an extremely low impact on nature, its main purpose being research of an unaltered environment. It is for this reason that a micro plant is the only acceptable form of hydroelectricity on site. A macro plant would severely alter the state of the river. </div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Changes in the water levels along with lack of vegetation on the bank of a river can easily lead to erosion. The lack of vegetation makes it possible for water to begin cutting into the banks of reservoirs and rivers alike. As erosion increases there is a larger chance for nutrients to make their way into the water. In this sense, erosion also leads to increased sedimentation. Most problems involved with hydroelectricity are interrelated; the reservoir collects water, the water evaporates, evaporation leads to erosion, and erosion leads to increased sedimentation. Micro plants deal with these problems on such a minimal level that the difference between micro and macro seem like night and day. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Micro-Hydro facility turbine at Alberto Brenes Biological Reserve</td></tr>
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<b><u>Micro Hydro Design:</u></b></div>
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The design of a Micro hydro-electric facility follows the same idea of a large commercial hydro-electric plant (such as the San Lorenzo facility). The only difference in design is that micro-hydro stations are typically built to have a minimal environmental effect. Therefore these facilities will typically be run of stream, or only have a very small reservoir at the top of the whole facility. In the case of the micro-hydro plant in Alberto Brenes Biological Reserve, hundreds of feet of pipe are used to divert only 20% - 30% of the total flow of the river. The pipe, known as the penstock is approximately 130m long. The penstock veers away from the river in order to gain head above the turbine. The penstock has a few small features that are critical to it’s maintenance and efficiency. Most important is a grate placed at the very beginning of the penstock in order to block flotsam and rocks from entering the system. The other two features are holes drilled in the top of the penstock to let air escape, and a shut off valve, which can be turned to cut off the water flow while no one is on the reserve. After the penstock the water falls downhill approximately 30m towards the turbine. As the water falls, the pipe gets smaller and smaller to increase the speed of water flow. The water exits from the pipe through a nozzle close to that you would find on a fire hose. At this point the pressure of the water is extremely high. The stream of water hits the turbine and the turbine runs the generator. The type of turbine used at Alberto Brenes is called a pelton wheel. Through a set of flywheels and pulleys from the turbine to the generator the rotations per minute go from 84 rpm to 756 rpm. Through this DIY micro hydro-electric facility Alberto Brenes biological reserve is 100% self sufficient when it comes to energy. </div>
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<b><u>Energy and Electrical Components:</u></b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Electrical intake box at Alberto Brenes Reserve.</td></tr>
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Micro Hydro-electric projects are hydro-electric projects with up to 100 kilowatts of productivity. A Micro Hydro project with this output can power around 50 homes, each with a few lightbulbs and a television or radio. In technical terms the Alberto Brenes Micro Hydro facility is not actually Micro Hydro, because it does not produce enough power. The hydro facility in Alberto Brenes Biological Reserve is actually a “Pico-Hydro” plant. A Pico Hydro plant produces under 5 kilowatts of energy. This is usually enough energy to power a few remote houses, or in this case a Biological Reserve field station. The use of a Pico Hydro plant in Alberto Brenes is so useful that sometimes they have too much energy. A certain amount of lights must be kept on the entire time the plant is running in order for the circuits and such to not go over capacity. At any given time that the hydro plant is running, the reserve field station has 100 volts of energy available. To find the total wattage of the reserve’s facility I would need to multiply the total Volts x Amps. Unfortunately the number of amps was unavailable. I assume the total wattage is just above 1 kilowatt.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxqQCQyeXGBKX0NHixz3GLn7EbPITIJiYI1hrXbthAuVX0zfmOhhBDUegPNz4xAdzPXjaqnPbBu6BeG-WCMabLh0ugDHZbKJAOozVhLStwPpIT0j0PJxFQUMv_MIC9MxugOEF_StuDpRfC/s1600/IMG_1876.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxqQCQyeXGBKX0NHixz3GLn7EbPITIJiYI1hrXbthAuVX0zfmOhhBDUegPNz4xAdzPXjaqnPbBu6BeG-WCMabLh0ugDHZbKJAOozVhLStwPpIT0j0PJxFQUMv_MIC9MxugOEF_StuDpRfC/s1600/IMG_1876.jpg" height="400" width="385" /></a><b><u>What does it take!? Why should it be used? Micro-Hydro:</u></b></div>
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In order to make a Micro-Hydro facility like the one found in Alberto Brenes Biological Reserve the first and most important component is…..water. Yes of course it’s water, but a substantial source must be chosen, and the source cannot fluctuate in water level too much between seasons. After a good water source is found, the surrounding geography must be right. The river must have a decent slope to it in order to build head. Creating head can be a strenuous task. Usually hundreds of feet of trench or pipe must be laid. From then on more pipe must be laid for the water to fall the distance of the head to the power station where some electrical knowledge is required. The turbine and generator must be mounted and required electrical equipment is set up. Making a micro-hydro electric facility is a very easy task and should be a strategy implemented in more communities around the world. A Micro-Hydro facility can power anywhere from 1 lightbulb to 100 homes. It is a great source environmentally friendly energy at the community level. Building a facility can be done cheaply and properly by anyone in any community. Micro-Hydro electric facilities are an asset that is not used nearly enough throughout the world.</div>
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AUTHORS: Matt Richards, Blake Lecroy</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comAngeles Sur, Costa Rica10.149853728707985 -84.49472753828132510.118592228707985 -84.535068038281324 10.181115228707984 -84.454387038281325tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-77733567203754399782014-03-06T12:08:00.002-06:002021-04-14T12:40:22.344-06:00Medicinal Farm and Volunteer Work<br />
<u>The Farm</u><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijOXp-twnByY03kG2Sf_s42iinWY-mW9h1pv7n6mlX1Fm32P9e6Q78TPL36f_KOTmfuQmwX2dzluKo3PQSuHUjNF_gxU_w8mLzmjqNMqnUHic2jC4tci2DKQNnHejsOcdkieHNxi_IQ0oe/s1600/foto41.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijOXp-twnByY03kG2Sf_s42iinWY-mW9h1pv7n6mlX1Fm32P9e6Q78TPL36f_KOTmfuQmwX2dzluKo3PQSuHUjNF_gxU_w8mLzmjqNMqnUHic2jC4tci2DKQNnHejsOcdkieHNxi_IQ0oe/s1600/foto41.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a> The Berrocal Sandoval family owns a large and well-known farm located in Zeta 13 near La Fortuna. The owner, Cristina, primarily uses the farm for growing medicinal plants, but also uses it to raise chickens and grow vegetables. In addition to maintaining her farm, Cristina is also part of The Ecological Group of Women Abanico (GEMA). GEMA is an organization that was created to have a community of women who come together and share lessons that were passed down by their mothers and grandmothers on medicinal plants and remedies. To this day, there are 10 women who are part of GEMA and Christina is one of them. On each farm there are approximately 29 different medicinal plants. The women use GEMA’s machinery to package the medicinal herbs and teas to sell them. Christina specializes in making a homemade shampoo through a process she performs right on the farm. The eggs from her chicken coops are used at the local eco-hotel that her sister owns. Christina strives to make the farm as sustainable as she possibly can.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHUgNQ_BapPMIJkIIIoJD2EqMzU2TyZLOQzG2zTrAQ9Dm94-Y6HhIUEvcTvg-Xi6v2UafUSarNGQ5PrBxWyi7k46o_-78PDgCqJ98ZAWNGMaSeuGmQ_j81ClX5ldf9Oz-Vb8eHFZS0lMdW/s1600/IMG_6136.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHUgNQ_BapPMIJkIIIoJD2EqMzU2TyZLOQzG2zTrAQ9Dm94-Y6HhIUEvcTvg-Xi6v2UafUSarNGQ5PrBxWyi7k46o_-78PDgCqJ98ZAWNGMaSeuGmQ_j81ClX5ldf9Oz-Vb8eHFZS0lMdW/s1600/IMG_6136.jpg" height="200" width="147" /></a><br />
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<u>Medicinal Herbs and Uses</u><br />
Medicinal plants have been used for centuries to cure diseases as well as relieve physical suffering. <br />
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These medicinal herbs are also known to be trophorestorative, which means that they reach to the deepest level of positive energetic qualities and healing. In a study, it was concluded that these medicinal plants actually benefit us by transferring information to our bodies on a genetic level. Using medicinal plants as medicine rather than modernized medicine is much healthier for the body and brings balance to it. This is because our bodies are more used to natural options than the chemicals we find at a pharmacy.<br />
The medicinal plants on the farm ranged from plants that could simply help stress and relax you to plants that could relieve the pain on arthritis. Christina explained the taste of each medicinal plant as well as what it can do for you body and how to prepare the herb. Some of the medicinal plants included: Naranjo agrio (Bitter Orange) - used for the brain against altered nerves, insomnia, and headaches;<br />
Hierba Buena (Spearmint) - strengthens the stomach against colic in children and adults; Oregano - condiment that relieves bronchial infections, asthma, and coughs; Malva (Common Mallow) - used as digestive tonic to work against inflammation of tonsils; Salvia Virgen (Salvia) - helps asthma and calms the nerves when it relieves headaches and other sicknesses.<br />
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<u>Volunteer Work</u><br />
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The volunteer work that was participated in was cutting down plants for the chickens, feeding them, and supplying water for them. The plants that were fed to the chickens needed to be cut down with machetes. Once they were cut, four different piles were created which were then tied together to hang within the chicken coop. The plant that was used to feed the chickens holds many nutrients that keep the chickens healthy. With helping hands from the volunteers, feeding and giving water to the chickens was an easy task compared to normal. It was extremely helpful for Christina to have the volunteers because on a regular day she would be doing it alone.<br />
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AUTHOR: Sierra DiMartinoUnknownnoreply@blogger.comLa Fortuna, Costa Rica9.256407 -83.54516129.254448 -83.5476827 9.2583659999999988 -83.5426397tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5220966733937795919.post-26228519928150358912014-03-05T16:14:00.000-06:002014-04-13T11:00:16.390-06:00Volunteering at the Sunlight School (SLP)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcZbAl5RWSb9tHKsqh9SJKSL3NPVcLl_fH4s8fLdO_SBKf81eFGCgNTxm0jFcygzOYNKtuwRz83_D92CfdHJq9JfL0VQ9kmF7N71xoIqyjb8P8MvxEJaQk2CWuvUmL3ZGFJdKGHPSnbLLg/s1600/photo%2525203-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: black;"></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcZbAl5RWSb9tHKsqh9SJKSL3NPVcLl_fH4s8fLdO_SBKf81eFGCgNTxm0jFcygzOYNKtuwRz83_D92CfdHJq9JfL0VQ9kmF7N71xoIqyjb8P8MvxEJaQk2CWuvUmL3ZGFJdKGHPSnbLLg/s1600/photo%2525203-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcZbAl5RWSb9tHKsqh9SJKSL3NPVcLl_fH4s8fLdO_SBKf81eFGCgNTxm0jFcygzOYNKtuwRz83_D92CfdHJq9JfL0VQ9kmF7N71xoIqyjb8P8MvxEJaQk2CWuvUmL3ZGFJdKGHPSnbLLg/s1600/photo%2525203-1.JPG" /></a><b> <u>Private School VS Public School</u></b><br />
The Sunlight School is a small private school that offers preschool through 12th grade classes. In Costa Rica, much like any other country in the world, there are both private and public schools.<br />
There are significant advantages associated with private schools that public schools cannot support. The largest differences between them is the size of the classes and, in turn, the attention given to individual children. At the Sunlight School, classes have no more than 12 students. At public schools, classes have 30 students or more. The size of the classes directly coincides with the attention given from teachers to students on an individual basis. The Sunlight school, as well as many other private schools, pride themselves on being able to give each student individualized attention. Each student is able to receive assistance in a way that is unique and personal for them. Not every student understands and learns at the same speed so by receiving one-on-one attention with the teacher, the student is able to better understand and grasp the material at hand. In public schools, individualized attention is unfortunately not offered.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCnG2luWmbYo_oswOB3ZGXkEONGbyWZ7MFYJqVnlmIF-YG7rzY3nrl7lef7vv5wGpItNWewnngBhRhlGZxAPLpbVtMbNMr6qBHnEbsGtDCY2PUuMTxS0RYfL4pt2FBmqSSjIBq8c5Dinyu/s1600/IMG_5810.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCnG2luWmbYo_oswOB3ZGXkEONGbyWZ7MFYJqVnlmIF-YG7rzY3nrl7lef7vv5wGpItNWewnngBhRhlGZxAPLpbVtMbNMr6qBHnEbsGtDCY2PUuMTxS0RYfL4pt2FBmqSSjIBq8c5Dinyu/s1600/IMG_5810.jpg" height="320" width="238" /></a>This is due to the larger amount of students which makes it virtually impossible for the teacher to address each student's doubts and questions. When a child is able to receive individualized attention with their academics, it leads them to be more confident in their work and communicating. On the other hand, if a student rarely has their questions answered or doubts taken away, they are left feeling frustrated and will be more prone to giving up. Another key component and difference between public and private schools is that at the Sunlight School, children are learning to pronounce their syllables and form words as early as 4 years old. In the public school system, children are learning to pronounce their syllables and form words as late as the 4th grade. During my time volunteering at the Sunlight School I worked with the 7th and 5th grade English classes.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">7th Grade Worksheet</td></tr>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"></span><b><u>The 7th Grade English Class</u></b><br />
The 7th grade English class touches on many different aspects of English and how to approach the language, with a primary focus on writing and speaking. In the past few weeks, the students have been studying occupations and professions as well as personal information and spelling. When approaching the idea of occupations and professions, the children completed worksheets in their English book and <br />
would come up with sentences for each workbook scenario. Once the sentences were completed, they were shared with the class in order to improve the students speaking at the same time as working on writing. When it came to personal information, the students wrote and presented on their daily routines, members of their families, and other general information using primarily simple present-tense. Having the children present their work encourages them to do their best. Additionally, when they speak the language, the children are learning the connection between what they write and speak, and not only focus on book work. This allows the children to learn the language more rapidly and understand it better at the same time, assuming there is ample time for questions.<br />
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>As a volunteer in the 7th grade English class I helped out in many different ways and was able to sit back and observe the way the children were learning English and how they reacted to troubles and successes. The class had 6 students and I was able to work with each one on one. Each student had different level of understanding English and I was able to cater to each one's needs. I was put to work helping the children with pronunciation, spelling, and usage of present and past tense. Once the children worked on a subject for a certain amount of time, they would present their work to the other students, the teacher, and me. I would then help them with sentence placements and how to speak properly. The children who were not as advanced spent extra time with me going over their work, and I was able to challenge the higher-leveled students by giving them a few extra exercises to do. The only girl in the English class had traveled to the United States so she was able to speak and understand English very well. I helped her by giving her English words to spell for an upcoming spelling bee.<br />
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Being able to sit back and observe the students was very interesting. The most surprising thing I saw and thought was fantastic was the way that the students who were more advanced in the English language would offer their assistance to the students who were less advanced without even being asked. There was a great sense of community within the classroom, even with only 6 students. I also noticed that the teacher would explain everything to the students in English and would do so unless they really did not understand. At that point she would proceed by telling them some of it in Spanish to help, but still let them figure it out on their own for the most part. I thought that this was a great way to teach because it encourages the students to be attentive to what is going on without taking the easy way out of lessons or activities. Lastly, I noticed that the 7th grade was less confident and willing to take a risk when speaking English and asking questions than the 5th graders were. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqEkNXWOG29eEdUxnSHLtvQ2JQdk5iCHnQ3zDXm570WEOT_tI7NmdHf0bR3HlbWzG_HbI6IWx7ODcq-XiOVvrhH10Uy8x6PR9f7RkJ7IpjOlhehe8eG4OYqHRmdw6IFg_F-LHXUatsTHEQ/s1600/photo%25202-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqEkNXWOG29eEdUxnSHLtvQ2JQdk5iCHnQ3zDXm570WEOT_tI7NmdHf0bR3HlbWzG_HbI6IWx7ODcq-XiOVvrhH10Uy8x6PR9f7RkJ7IpjOlhehe8eG4OYqHRmdw6IFg_F-LHXUatsTHEQ/s1600/photo%25202-1.JPG" height="276" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">5th Grade Worksheet </td></tr>
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<b><br /><u>The 5th Grade English Class</u></b><br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Much like the 7th grade class, the 5th grade English class touches on many different aspects of English and how to approach it, with a primary focus on learning different tenses and doing bookwork, with occasional games involved in the lesson plan. In the past few weeks, the students have been focusing on the past and future tenses, as well as singular and plural nouns. The students were able to practice these lessons through bookwork, handouts, and board work. One of the children’s favorite activities was playing Hot Potato with a fake bomb. When the ticker went off, the student with the bomb would be given a past tense word that they would have to use in a sentence. Unlike the 7th grade, the 5th grade did not present their work to the class; rather they would go over things individually with the teacher.<br />
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As a volunteer in the 5th grade English class I helped out in specific ways and was able to observe them just as I had with the 7th grade class. In the class there were 12 students and they were assigned seats with two to a desk. I was put to work helping the children with pronunciation, spelling, sentence formations, and writing. During the class I would walk around to each child and help them one-on-one. Before a lesson I would explain things in English. When helping the children, I found that occasionally, because of the language barrier, the teacher would have to explain directions or use certain words in Spanish to allow the student to better understand what I was saying. This process was very similar to my interaction with the class and teacher in the 7th grade classroom. I was also in charge of checking all of the children’s work once they were finished.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCOeWSDcBzUP5Pn27NsEJcQoVYpZkoVPIlYrAwy5CeySToCFrVqSOR5wNmoqDPb_r1m0Z3OLW5WjgJ2EQs_yvM0NZD-S7rAIhfU2hIcCtIb6YnCjWFMsxgh2M3Nh32qwgyBIMceFk7UpY2/s1600/IMG_6561.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCOeWSDcBzUP5Pn27NsEJcQoVYpZkoVPIlYrAwy5CeySToCFrVqSOR5wNmoqDPb_r1m0Z3OLW5WjgJ2EQs_yvM0NZD-S7rAIhfU2hIcCtIb6YnCjWFMsxgh2M3Nh32qwgyBIMceFk7UpY2/s1600/IMG_6561.jpg" height="200" width="148" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-BIOCEf1GgUu5q_hOjeENuQ-_lx50FUOqBP-sj88UM02Ep3hSayRESZrFaDpBBgtdvut14XM5H3tU_MD52nCBYhH27qC3Kw7HzzkR2XynixHMS0UHjHH93oMN4KPb4ni3IL7G59VXpVUi/s1600/photo%25201+3.42.58+PM.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-BIOCEf1GgUu5q_hOjeENuQ-_lx50FUOqBP-sj88UM02Ep3hSayRESZrFaDpBBgtdvut14XM5H3tU_MD52nCBYhH27qC3Kw7HzzkR2XynixHMS0UHjHH93oMN4KPb4ni3IL7G59VXpVUi/s1600/photo%25201+3.42.58+PM.JPG" height="400" width="300" /></a>When observing the 5th grade English class I noticed how different they were from the 7th grade English class. While the 7th grade class was more hesitant to ask for my help or to really engage in the language, the 5th graders were eager and very excited to ask for my help. The 5th graders were eager to speak to me in English as much as possible to get feedback and just have fun connecting. Just like the 7th grade, the 5th grade was a community when it came to helping one another. Although they did not focus as much on speaking English as a way to reinforce their skills, doing book work, worksheets, and playing games was an easier way for these students to learn and pick up the language. The experience allowed me to realize how different children learn at different ages and the way they react to what is presented to them. I had such a wonderful time working with both classes, and knowing I contributed to them learning English means a great deal to me. They ended up teaching me a lot as a result of me connecting with them. I felt like I was a part of the school rather than just a visitor.<br />
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Written by Sierra DiMartino</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijxfjXHJhN54i2zh8caM8IF37LRQ2IzSfStnjdae_iOIwneuht26WXAPAO1CCDvC6Tk7bmfLIvuLi-B634PwsMGsr3b5Mr7kB8O4xEbW2FOvOgUFFv0-XOkDfvJlBK9Y6aTZHUoKswF9fL/s1600/photo.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijxfjXHJhN54i2zh8caM8IF37LRQ2IzSfStnjdae_iOIwneuht26WXAPAO1CCDvC6Tk7bmfLIvuLi-B634PwsMGsr3b5Mr7kB8O4xEbW2FOvOgUFFv0-XOkDfvJlBK9Y6aTZHUoKswF9fL/s1600/photo.JPG" height="298" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><u>Impacts on Native Species:</u></b> </div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The hydro plant clearly affects multiple different species in its vicinity. The first and most apparent impact is had on the aquatic life in the San Lorenzo River. The dam creates a blockade so that the fish found in the San Lorenzo are not able to continue their migration. This profoundly impacts fish populations in many different ways. Some aquatic life gets stuck in the dam’s machinery, some predators prey on fish species in the reservoir, and sediment from the river gets trapped in different areas of the plant, which causes a shortage of nutrients for some species resulting in multiple negative impacts. Fish are not the only aquatic species affected by the plant, there is a variety of snakes, frogs, and other water life impacted by this project. </div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>This hydro plant has a very specific impact on one of its native inhabitants that is not directly related to the project. In the past, monkeys have been able to cross the river at a certain point just before the dam, by using two trees that virtually connected the opposite banks. The trees created a natural land bridge that was crucial to the monkey’s migration. One of the trees that make up this land bridge recently fell into the river causing geographic isolation for this certain species of monkey. The staff responsible for running the hydro plant realized the importance of the trees for the monkeys and made plans to construct a bridge so that they may continue their natural migration. This is an example of a positive impact had on the environment because of hydro-plants presents. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDyIfhLQl0cnQVQcf272panE3JXa5CYD2_LA7cui8xxuXSKKbXnxOzrg3jtPAhGixMF569Oj-4-0MtYVMuqZ75_T_ybjATl7_Nef43mhblRhdmL-JAc1JfL_QcufKt388sL5K3zU1MeIGJ/s1600/photo+copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDyIfhLQl0cnQVQcf272panE3JXa5CYD2_LA7cui8xxuXSKKbXnxOzrg3jtPAhGixMF569Oj-4-0MtYVMuqZ75_T_ybjATl7_Nef43mhblRhdmL-JAc1JfL_QcufKt388sL5K3zU1MeIGJ/s1600/photo+copy.JPG" height="298" width="400" /></a><b><u>Issues with Sediment:</u></b> </div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>One of the main tasks the employees are constantly dealing with at the hydro-plant is in regards to sediment in the river. Sedimentation is probably the most technical problem dams face today. When a dam is constructed sediment from the river becomes trapped at the bottom of the reservoir. The reason this creates such a large problem is because the sediment takes away from overall water storage space and poses a threat to the turbines and other machinery necessary to operate the hydro plant. At this particular site there is a door located at the bottom of the reservoir, in the rainy season the door opens and filters out the sediment. Even with the sediment door there is still a large amount of labor put forth to take sediment out of the reservoir. </div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>One special feature about this project is its second reservoir, located past the main dam. This reservoir does not have the sediment door feature and it is required to be cleaned once every year. This process requires multiple workers, tractors, and other machinery. The sediment from the bottom of the reservoir is then taken to a large pile located about 100 meters from where it was taken. The hydro plant has no use for the sediment so it goes unused. One worker told us that it would be extremely profitable to design a business that specializes in the removal of sediment from hydro sites. The nutrients found in the sediment could be highly beneficial to a variety of different agricultural projects. </div>
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<u><b>Problems with Turbines:</b></u><br />
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>When the plant is not producing electricity at its peak hours, aquatic life has to deal with the river fluctuating between 10-100 percent of its flow based on the amount of water needed to power the turbines. The turbines are responsible for a large amount of the environmental alteration that results from the plant. As the water from the San Lorenzo makes its way through the turbines, it is drastically heated. The fluctuating temperature can take a toll on aquatic life and other species that use the river as their source of water. Many species of fish become stressed and even harmed in fluctuating water temperatures. </div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Another environmental threat posed by the turbines is the maintenance that they require. In order to keep things running smoothly the employees of the plant need to pump lubricants into the turbines. These lubricants make their way through the machinery and end up flowing through the turbines. The water then makes its way out into the river exposing the lubricants to all sorts of life. The only positive about the lubricants at this particular site is that they use biodegradable lubricants, which have a much lesser impact. Even though the impact is lesser, unnatural substances are still being put in contact with the river water.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPfX0EBGRQEc8M9eDmxiy3AE4H8gNbjbAWGzC2Tb32zsWKwWKUct8WnbhiwH7HHaol15RuU_ErOlWhtfSjbJYQLdoLtKHiz8WVawrzuEglM9zonPRHsyjsV-WcmC-POr4xmc43uKQfHdEv/s1600/IMG_1685.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPfX0EBGRQEc8M9eDmxiy3AE4H8gNbjbAWGzC2Tb32zsWKwWKUct8WnbhiwH7HHaol15RuU_ErOlWhtfSjbJYQLdoLtKHiz8WVawrzuEglM9zonPRHsyjsV-WcmC-POr4xmc43uKQfHdEv/s1600/IMG_1685.JPG" height="400" width="400" /></a><b><u>San Lorenzo Design:</u></b><br />
One major aspect to a hydroelectric plant is the plant’s design. The design of a hydroelectric plant must achieve maximum efficiency and abide by environmental laws at the same time. The first aspect to a hydroelectric plant’s design is the location. The San Lorenzo hydro-electric plant was built just down stream from where two major rivers converge, the main source being the Jamaical river. The whole facility is constructed along a distance of about a mile. Every component of this mile long facility has a specific purpose for increasing efficiency. The dam starts with a large reservoir to increase water pressure and slow the flow of the river. The reservoir is an average of 60m wide and 18m deep. The large reservoir is then channeled into a canal 4 meters deep, and 4 meters wide. The purpose of this long canal is to increase what is known as the head. The head is the elevation change between the main reservoir and the turbine. The head of San Lorenzo is a total of 91m. After the canal the water goes into the main reservoir at San Lorenzo. In the main reservoir water settles and sediment that is detrimental to the turbines is collected. If too much of this sediment is detected in the turbines two doors at the upper reservoir will shut off the water supply. After the main reservoir the water gains speed by using the elevation change in the head. The water enters an intake pipe. The closer the water gets to the turbine the smaller the diameter of the pipe gets which increases the speed of the water. The water then passes through the turbine and turns the generator. The design of the San Lorenzo hydro-electric plant is a display of great design with great efficiency as the result. San Lorenzo does not have a large inflow of water to use to produce energy. Therefore they needed to use smart engineering to get whatever energy they could.<br />
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<b><u>Energy Output:</u></b><br />
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The San Lorenzo hydro-electric plant produces enough energy to power about 29 thousand middle class homes, which translates to an output of power for a minimum of 145,000 people. The facility relies on two turbines constructed and shipped from France. The turbines are known as Francis turbines. The turbines combined produce 8.5 megawatts. Due to the design described above they are able to achieve this amount of energy. If the facility only had one reservoir the energy output would be much lower. To calculate how much energy is being produced at any hydro-electric plant the following equation is used: P = p x q x g x h. The following factors signify: P = power(watts), p = density(kg/meters cubed), q = water flow(meters cubed/second), g = acceleration of gravity(9.81 m/s), h = falling height, head (m). The last aspect to the energy output of the San Lorenzo hydro-electric plant is of course the amount of water present in the Jamaical river. The maximum capacity of the facility is 19 cubic meters a second, which is what the plant runs at for the duration of the dry season. During this period the plant never stops producing energy because they do not need to wait for the main reservoir to fill up. During the dry season the plant uses around 4 or 5 cubic meters a second. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBR8gC3s82CyzORBSrgFwbRjQeVfz9o_5CYL8L2aU8izRhZOS7qGItY7sAUDtZ5L6anH3d7LbiHUybRxhSPufQnLkgCus674zioW1skUVtOz1gjqde2CufAYvv8Mqpj4fZ8bcM1aJhYICl/s1600/IMG_1692.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBR8gC3s82CyzORBSrgFwbRjQeVfz9o_5CYL8L2aU8izRhZOS7qGItY7sAUDtZ5L6anH3d7LbiHUybRxhSPufQnLkgCus674zioW1skUVtOz1gjqde2CufAYvv8Mqpj4fZ8bcM1aJhYICl/s1600/IMG_1692.JPG" height="385" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Graph drawn by the head business-man at San Lorenzo. Graph shows the<br />
peak times of energy use.</td></tr>
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<b><u>Economics:</u></b></div>
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Economics is one of the main aspects to hydro-electricity. Other than the search for other sources of energy, economics is a large reason for hydro-electricity in Costa Rica. The economic goal of hydro-electricity or any other renewable energy source for that matter is the elimination of expensive fuel. Each hydro-electric facility has certain factors in which need to be catered to in order to maximize economic output. The San Lorenzo hydro-electric plant has to plan accordingly to maximize their energy sales. In the dry season the workers at the facility fill up the top reservoir and the main reservoir in order to produce more energy during the time periods which energy is most desired, therefore they receive more money. The windows of time in which energy is most desired is 10:30am to 12:30pm and 5:30pm to 8:00pm. One window in which businesses are all open and people come home for lunch, and one window when people begin to start using more lights. In the dry season this is when San Lorenzo sells their energy to the power grid through ESA. All energy sold goes through ESA and straight into the grid. During the rainy season San Lorenzo is constantly producing energy because the plant is always running at full capacity. The plant always gains money for their energy but that amount varies depending on the time of day. </div>
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AUTHORS: Matt Richards, Blake Lecroy </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comSan Carlos Canton, Costa Rica10.265711680777168 -84.54633289453124710.140718180777167 -84.707694394531245 10.390705180777168 -84.384971394531249